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Brain Bee > Brain & Nervous System Anatomy+Physiology > Flashcards

Brain & Nervous System Anatomy+Physiology Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Cerebrum

A

Higher order functioning, voluntary behavior, 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum.

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2
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres together.

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3
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outermost layer of cerebrum is ‘gray matter’.
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes.

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4
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor movements, higher cognitive skills, aspects of personality and emotional makeup.

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5
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory processes, attention, language.
right side damage = in difficulty navigating spaces.
left side damage = impairs understanding spoken/written language.

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6
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual information.

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7
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory information, integrates sensory info.
short-term memory (hippocampal formation).
learned emotional responses (amygdala).

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8
Q

Thalamus

A

prioritizes and passes sensory and motor information to cerebral cortex.

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

appetite, defensive+reproductive behaviours, sleep-wakefulness.

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10
Q

Midbrain - colliculli

A

visual & auditory reflexes, relays it to thalamus.

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11
Q

Midbrain - neuron clusters

A

regulate activity in CNS, reward mechanisms & mood.

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12
Q

Hindbrain - Pons & Medulla Oblongata

A

respiration, heart rhythms, blood glucose levels.

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13
Q

Spinal cord pathway

A

sensory info –> pain reflex, relays to brain & cerebral cortex.
nerve impulses that control muscles and viscera.

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14
Q

PNS pathway

A

small concentrations of ganglia.
brain –> peripheral nerves –> muscles & organs.

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15
Q

SNS

A

connects CNS with body parts that interact with outside.

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16
Q

ANS

A

connects CNS with internal organs, SyNS, PsNS.

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17
Q

SyNS

A

mobilizes energy and resources in times of stress and arousal.

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18
Q

PsNS

A

conserves in relaxed states.

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19
Q

Action Potential

A

reversal in charge at beginning of verve impulse.

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20
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

release –> diffuse –> bind (on/off) –> change membrane potential –> response.

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21
Q

Acetylcholine + Pathway

A

1st discovered, released by voluntary muscle, heartbeat neurons & brain.

nerve terminal –> action potential –> Ca ions –> opens Na channels –> muscle contracts –> broken down by acetylcholinesterase, repeat.

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22
Q

Antibodies that block a type of ACh receptor

A

cause myasthenia gravis.
may be important for normal attention, memory, and sleep.

23
Q

Alzheimer’s drugs

A

ACh producing nerve cells die in Alzheimers, so drugs blocking AChesterase are main treatment rn.

24
Q

Amino acids

A

Glycine & GABA inhibit firing of neurons.
GABA activity increased by benzodiapines (e.g. valium) & anticonvulsant drugs.

25
Q

Huntington’s cause

A

GABA-producing neurons degenerate, uncontrollable movements.

26
Q

Glutamate & Aspartate

A

excitatory signals, activate NMDA receptors

27
Q

NMDA receptors

A

learning & memory (development and specification of nerve contacts)
Stimulating can promote good changes, but too much is damaging/kills.

28
Q

NMDA receptor blocking drugs

A

can improve brain function and treat neurological & psychological disorders.

29
Q

Catecholamines

A

Dopamine (3 principle brain circuits), norepinephrine

30
Q

Circuit #1

A

If circuit that regulates movment is deficit = parkinson’s (muscle tremors, rigidity)

31
Q

Levodopa

A

from which dopamine is synthesized.
treats parkinson’s, allowing movemnt.

32
Q

Circuit #2

A

important for cognition and emotion, abnormalities = schizophrenia.
drugs blocking dopamine receptors can reduce symptoms.

33
Q

Circuit #3

A

regulates endocrine system, directs hypothalamus to create and store hormones in pituitary gland.

34
Q

Norepinephrine

A

deficiencies cause Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Korsakoff’s sundrome.
secreted by SyNS to regulate heart rate, bp.
acute stress increases release from sympathetic nerves & adrenal medulla.

35
Q

Serotonin

A

brain, platelets, digestive tract lining.
sleep quality, mood, depression, anxiety.

36
Q

Analogs

A

similar structure to serotonin, manipulate switches of emotional states

37
Q

Fluoxetine

A

relieve symptoms of depression & OCD

38
Q

Peptides

A

released in stress to minimize pain & enhance adaptive behaviour.

39
Q

Endorphines

A

endogenous morphines, opiates.

40
Q

Substance P

A

in C fibers, causes burning pain sensation, can be activated by capsaicin.

41
Q

Trophic Factors

A

development, function, survival of specific groups of neurons.

42
Q

Hormones Pathway

A

endocrine system –> neurons –> pituitary –> endocrine glands

43
Q

6 classes of steroid hormones

A

Androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, vitamin D.

44
Q

Insulin, insulin-like growth factor, ghrelin, leptin

A

affect neural activity and structure.

45
Q

Jet lag

A

hormones alter production of gene products in synaptic neurotransmission, changes circuitry and capacity for neurotransmission .

46
Q

Sex hormone pathway

A

GnRh –> FSH & LH –> ovulation, estradiol, progesterone/spermatogenesis, testosterone –> decrease FSH, LH/increases capacity for sexual behaviour.

47
Q

Sex differences

A

in brain size, shape of structures in hypothalamus arrangement of neurons in cortex & hippocampus.

48
Q

Gases

A

not stored, act on chemical targets.

49
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

erection in penis, relaxation & normal movement in intestine.
regulates cGMP.

50
Q

Prostoglandins

A

made by cyclooxygenase, induce fever and pain in response to inflammation.

51
Q

Asprin

A

reduces fever & pain by blocking cyclooxygenase enzy,e.

52
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

control release of neurotransmitter, control behaviours, increase stress.

53
Q

Second Messengers

A

message of neurotransmitter from membrane to inside.

manufacture+release neurotransmitters, intracellular movement, carb metabolism in cerebrum, growth & dev.

Brain Bee (9 decks)

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