Research

Question 1

What’s a good guideline for reviewing manuscripts?

Answer 1

(Journal of Counseling Psychology Reviewer Guidelines, 2013)

Question 2

A good hypothesis is a ___________ research question that provides direction for an experimental inquiry

Answer 2

testable (Heppner, Wampold, & Kivlighan, 2008)

Question 3

Hypotheses should also be phrased as ______ statements so that they can be tested.

Answer 3

falsifiable (Popper, 1959)

Question 4

research designs often offer a trade-off between ______ and __________ validity

Answer 4

internal and external (Heppner, Wampold, & Kivlighan, 2008)

Question 5

What is an error that often occurs in reporting reliability and validity?

Answer 5

Authors don’t reference the sample from which estimates are derived (See Wilkinson, L. and the Task Force on Statistical Inference APA Board of Scientific Affairs, 1999).

Question 6

What are some reliability statistics?

Answer 6

Cronbachäó»s alpha, KR-20, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients, Kappa, or test-retest reliability (Heppner, Wampold, & Kivlighan, 2008)

Question 7

What are some different types of validity that are important?

Answer 7

1 face validity (the degree to which a measure appears äóìat face valueäó to measure the construct), 2 content validity (the content is relevant to the construct), 3 construct validity (the degree to which the measure accurately reflects the construct), 4 predictive validity (measureäó»s ability to predict something it should theoretically be able to predict), 5 concurrent validity (ability for measure to distinguish between groups it should theoretically be able to distinguish from), 6 convergent validity (degree to which measure is associated with measures it should be theoretically similar to), 7 discriminant validity (degree to which measure is dissimilar to measures it is theoretically dissimilar to).

Question 8

What are 4 different types of studies that vary in their different levels of internal and external validity?

Answer 8

(Gelso, 1979) Experimental Field (Moderate I, Moderate E), Descriptive Field (Low I, High E), Experimental Laboratory (High I, Low E), Descriptive Laboratory (Low I, Low E)

Question 9

What is MAXMINCON?

Answer 9

Kerlinger, 19861 MAXimize variance of experimental (important variables)2 MINimize error variance3 CONtrol for confound variables

Question 10

Pros of MAXMINCON

Answer 10

NAME?

Question 11

Cons of MAXMINCON

Answer 11

may not apply to applied settings where “perfect” control is not possible

Question 12

What are methods of statistical control?

Answer 12

multiple regression, ANCOVA, partial correlations, residualizing

Question 13

What are disadvantages of statistical control (compared to experimental control)?

Answer 13

äó¢Assumes a linear relationship between confound variables and outcome variableäó¢Statistically controls for a äóìmeasuredäó confound variable. It is possible that aspects of the confound are not accounted for by the measurement, which always includes error.äó¢Cannot definitely rule out confounds, and therefore attribution of causality is attenuatedäó¢May not be able to account for problems due to not being able to randomly assign participantsäó¢Collinearity can be a problem if the confound variable (which is controlled for) correlates with predictor variables.

Question 14

What are citations for describing the differences between quantitative and qualitative research?

Answer 14

Johnson & Christensen (2008); Lichtman (2006)

Question 15

Qualitative research assumes there are multiple realities, in fact as many as there are participants. What field does this come from, and what ontology does this represent?

Answer 15

anthropologyinterpretivist-constructivist relativist ontology(Guba & Lincoln, 1994)

Question 16

What aspect of people does qualitative research examine?

Answer 16

experiential life of people (Polkinghorne, 2005)

Question 17

What is the definition of quantitative psychology research?

Answer 17

psychological research that performs mathematical modeling and statistical estimation or statistical inference or a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship between variables (Cresswell, 2009)

Question 18

What sort of ontology does quantitative psychology research utilize?

Answer 18

Assumes a modified objectivist epistemology, viewing objectivity as an ideal (Guba & Lincoln, 1994)

Question 19

What is it called when you combine both qualitative and quantitative research?

Answer 19

Mixed methods (Hanson et al., 2005)

Question 20

What are advantages of a brief form measure?

Answer 20

äó¢Participants more likely to complete (Robins et al., 2002)äó¢Eliminate item redundancy (robins et al., 2001)äó¢Long precedent for single-item measures for things such as subjective well-being, cultural/ethnic identity, relationship intimacy, intelligence, self-esteem, etc. (Gosling et al., 2003)äó¢Brieferäó¢Reduce test fatigue

Question 21

What are disadvantages of brief form measures?

Answer 21

äó¢At best may only be a äóìreasonable proxyäó (Gosling et al., 2003)äó¢Not accurate, not reliable, validity suspect