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1st Sem > Research 1 > Flashcards

Research 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • a search for knowledge
  • a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic
A

research

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2
Q

objectives of research

A
  1. test hypothesis
  2. gain familiarity of a phenomenon
  3. provide accurate statisctics
  4. determine frequency of appearance
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3
Q

motivations in research

A
  1. get a research degree
  2. face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems
  3. get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
  4. to be of service to society
  5. Desire to get respectability
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4
Q

descriptive research

A

description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present

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5
Q

analytical research

A

use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

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6
Q

applied research

A

finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation

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7
Q

fundamental research

A

generalisations and with the formulation of a theory

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8
Q

Quantitative research

A

deals with measurement quantity

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9
Q

Qualitative Research

A

henomena relating to or involving quality or kind.

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10
Q

understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research

A

Research methods

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11
Q

a way to systematically solve the research problem

A

Research methodology

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12
Q

Kothari research process

A
  1. formulate research problem
  2. extensive literature survey
  3. develop hypothesis
  4. prepare research design
  5. determine sample size
  6. collection of data
  7. execute project
  8. analysis of data
  9. test the hypothesis
  10. report thesis
  11. generalization and interpretation
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13
Q

he must decide the general area of interest or aspect of a subject-matter that he would like to inquire into

A

Formulating research problem

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14
Q

Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written down

A

Extensive lietarure survey

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15
Q

state in clear terms the working hypothesis or hypotheses

A

develop a hypothesis

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16
Q

How does one go about developing working hypotheses

A
  1. Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem
  2. examiniation of records
  3. Review of similar studies
  4. Exploratory personal investigation
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17
Q

provide for the collection of relevant evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.

A

Preparing the research design

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18
Q

: All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘universe’ or ‘population

A

Determining sample design

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19
Q

purposive or deliberate selection of particular units of the universe for constituting a sample which represents the universe

A

Deliberate sampling

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20
Q

chance sampling or probability sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal chance of
inclusion

A

simple random sampling

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21
Q

An element of randomness is usually introduced into this kind of sampling by using random numbers to pick up the unit with which to start

A

systematic sampling

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22
Q

stratified into a number of non overlapping subpopulations or strata and sample items are selected from each stratum.

A

Stratified sampling

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23
Q

random samples from individual strata is often so expensive that interviewers are simply given quota

A

Quota sampling

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24
Q

grouping the population
and then selecting the groups or the clusters

A

cluster sampling

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25
Q

divide the total area into a number of smaller non-overlapping areas

A

Area sampling

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26
Q

meant for big inquiries extending to a considerably large geographical area

A

Multi-stage sampling

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27
Q

In dealing with any real life problem it is often found that data at hand are
inadequate, and hence, it becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate

A

collect the data

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28
Q

Data are collected by filling up the schedules by enumerators on the basis of replies given by respondents.

A

Through schedules

29
Q

Questionnaires are mailed to the respondents with a request to return after completing the same.

A

By mailing of questionnaires:

30
Q

This method of collecting information involves contacting the respondents on telephone itself.

A

Through telephone interviews:

31
Q

The investigator follows a rigid procedure and seeks answers to a set of pre-conceived questions through personal interviews

A

Through personal interview

32
Q

This method implies the collection of information by way of investigator’s
own observation, without interviewing the respondents

A

By observation

33
Q

different ways to collect data

A
  1. by obervation
  2. through personal interview
  3. through phone interview
  4. emailing questions
  5. through schedules
34
Q

diffrent types of sample size design

A
  1. deliberate sampling
  2. simple random sampling
  3. systematic sampling
  4. stratefied sampling
  5. quota saompling
  6. cluster sampling
  7. area sampling
  8. multi-stage sampling
  9. sequential sampling
35
Q

project is executed in a systematic
manner and in time. I

A

Execution of the project

36
Q

requires a number of closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these categories to raw data through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences.

A

Analysis of data

37
Q

operation is usually done at this stage through which the categories of data are transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted

A

Coding

38
Q

procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding

A

editing

39
Q

part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of
tables.

A

Tabulation

40
Q

If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may be possible for the researcher to arrive at generalisation, i.e., to build a theory

A

Generalisations and interpretation

41
Q

report should carry title and date followed by acknowledgements and foreword. Then there should be a table of contents followed by a list of tables and list
of graphs and charts, if any, given in the report.

A

preliminary pages

42
Q

contain a clear statement of the objective of the research and an explanation of the methodology adopted in accomplishing the research

A

Introduction

43
Q

After introduction there would appear a statement of findings and recommendations in non-technical language. If the findings are extensive, they should be summarized

A

Summary of findings

44
Q

presented in logical sequence and
broken-down into readily identifiable sections

A

Main report

45
Q

Towards the end of the main text, researcher should again put down the results of his research clearly and precisely. In fact, it is the final summing up.

A

Conclusion

46
Q

This characteristic allows research results to be verified by replicating the study and thereby building a sound basis for decisions

A

Good research is replicable

47
Q

It implies that research is related basically to one or more aspects of a real situation and deals with concrete data that provides a basis for external validity to research results

A

Good research is empirical

48
Q

This implies that research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of induction and deduction are of great value in carrying out research

A

Good research is logical

49
Q

It means that research is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specified sequence in accordance with the well defined set of rules

A

Good research is systematic

50
Q

good research characteristics

A
  1. good research is systematic
  2. good research is logical
  3. good research is empirical
  4. good research is replicable
51
Q

Using the method of authority involves consulting some source that you consider authoritative on the issue in question

A

method of authority

52
Q

because it depends on logical reasoning rather than on authority or the evidence of one’s senses

A

rational method
(rene descartes)

53
Q

fuse together information concerning separately occurring events and to make reliable predictions about future, unknown events.

A

scientific method
(braithewhite)

54
Q

The starting point for using the scientific method is to observe the behavior of interest.

A

obeserve a phenomenon

55
Q

scientific method steps

A
  1. Observing a Phenomenon
  2. formulating tentative explanations
  3. further observing
  4. refining and retesting the explanations
56
Q

any characteristic or quantity that can
take on two or more values

A

variable

57
Q

o develop one or more tentative explanations that seem consistent with your observations

A

Formulating Tentative Explanations

58
Q

The tentative statement that you offer concerning the relationship between your variables of interest

A

hypothesis

59
Q

design a research study to test the relationship that you proposed

A

Further Observing and Experimenting

60
Q

This process of generating new, more specific hypotheses in the light of previous
results illustrates the refinement process.

A

Refining and Retesting Explanations

61
Q

The first step in the research process is
to identify an issue that you want to study

A

Developing a Research Idea and Hypothesis

62
Q

which involves deriving a specific hypothesis (in this case) from general ideas

A

deductive reasoning

63
Q

Once you have narrowed your research question and developed a testable hypothesis, you must next decide on a research design to test it

A

Choosing a Research Design

64
Q

Your next decision concerns your research subjects

A

Choosing Subjects

65
Q

Your next step is to
decide the behavior you want to observe

A

Deciding on What to Observe and Appropriate Measures

66
Q

Now you actually have your participants take part in your study. You observe and measure their behavior. Data are formally recorded for later analysis

A

Conducting Your Study

67
Q

After you have collected your data, you must summarize and analyze them. The analysis process involves a number of decisions

A

Analyzing Your Results

68
Q

You are now ready to prepare a report of your research

A

Reporting Your Results

1st Sem (16 decks)

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