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HP Exam 3 > Reptile and Amphibian Medicine > Flashcards

Reptile and Amphibian Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

The following are characteristics of what class of chordata?
- body covered with scales or plates
- poikilothermic
- air breathing
- oviparous or ovoviviparous
- grow most rapidly at young age, but also throughout life
- some long-lived

A

reptila

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2
Q

This order of class ‘reptilia’ is carnivorous. They are oviparous and dig their nests. They have an osteoderm (plates of bone in dermis under scales) that is protective.

A

crocodilia

contains alligators, crocodiles, caimans, and gharial

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3
Q

This order of class ‘reptilia’ contains species that can be either herbivorous, insectivorous, and carnivorous.
These species can either have legs or not. They go through ‘ecdysis’ which is shedding to renew their skin.

A

squamata

includes serpentes (snakes) and suborder Sauria (lizards)

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4
Q

This order of the class ‘reptilia’ contains species that are herbivorous and omnivorous. They have protective shells and horny beaks. They are oviparous and lay the eggs on land. Some of the species live 50-100 years long.

A

testudines (chelonia)

includes tortoises, terrapins, and turtles

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5
Q

This order of class ‘ reptilia’ contains a species that is endemic on islands of the coast of NZ. This species is insectivorous and carnivorous. This species is oviparous and nocturnal.

A

sphenodontia (rhynchocephalia)

includes tuatara

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6
Q

T/F: when owning reptiles, you should ensure that you are providing them a habitat that is as similar to their natural habitat as possible (temp, water, humidity, lighting, etc.)

A

true

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7
Q

T/F: most reptiles do better when housed singly as to reduce territorial aggression

A

true

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8
Q

Reptiles require full spectrum UV light for 12-16 hours a day (artificial UV) or 1-4 hours a day (natural sunlight) in order for proper … to occur.
(2 things)

A
  1. vitamin D synthesis
  2. calcium metabolism
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9
Q

T/F: UV light from bulbs is superior to natural sunlight in regards to providing reptiles necessary UV light.

A

false – natural light is FAR superior.
however, keep in mind that UV light cannot penetrate through glass or plastic, so simply placing an animal exhibit near a window will not provide them with sufficient UV light.

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10
Q

why should we avoid feeding live prey to reptiles?

A

welfare issues
injury to reptile

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11
Q

What virus causes acute respiratory disease in snakes and is usually complicated by secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A

viral paramyxovirus (PMV)

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12
Q

A client brings in their snake that died. You do necropsy and on histology, you see hypertrophy and hyperplasia of alveolar pneumocytes and intracytoplasmic inclusions. You diagnose this snake with viral paramyxovirus.

What recommendations do you give the owner for controlling this virus in future instances?

A

they should quarantine all incoming snakes for 90 days and check PMV titers.

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13
Q

A client brings a constrictor to you. It appears that this snake has encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. You presumptively diagnose this snake with inclusion body disease (IBD). How can you definitely diagnose this animal and what is the treatment?

A

Definitive Dg: see eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in kidney, pancreas, liver, brain, etc.

tx: none, euthanasia is recommended

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14
Q

What 2 pathogens is bacterial ulcerative stomatitis (mouth rot) associated with?

A

aeromonas spp. and pseudomonas spp.

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15
Q

A snake comes into your clinic reluctant to eat. When you look in the mouth, you see lots of ulcers and necrosis. You diagnose the snake with bacterial ulcerative stomatitis.
What recommendations do you make to the owner with regard to the source of this infection?

A

this condition is secondary to poor husbandry
you recommend the snake have debridement of the necrotic tissue, a topical antibiotic, and that the owners correct whatever husbandry issue led to this.

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16
Q

A turtle is brought to your clinic because the owner reports it has been not able to swim upright and is making audible respiratory sounds. You diagnose this turtle with pneumonia.
What is the source of this condition?

A

poor husbandry
(Gram negative organisms usually culprit)

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17
Q

T/F: salmonella is normal intestinal flora of reptiles

A

true

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18
Q

how can reptiles transmit salmonellosis to humans?

A

feces, urine (poor hygiene), eggs, undercooked meat.

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19
Q

T/F: salmonellosis in reptiles is usually subclinical and clinical signs of enteritis, septicemia, pneumonia, peritonitis, and death are usually only apparent if the animal becomes stressed.

A

true

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20
Q

_______________ causes nodular granulomas on extremities in reptiles. The lesions are filled with caseous material with gram positive acid-fast organisms. This organism is zoonotic.

A

mycobacteriosis

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21
Q

Parasites in reptiles cause what 3 clinical manifestations?

A
  1. enteritis
  2. anemia
  3. skin lesions
22
Q

T/F: parasites in reptiles are most common in captive reptiles due to lack of natural environment and naturally developed immunity.

A

false – more common in wild environments. If they become more common in captive reptiles, there is usually a husbandry issue.

23
Q

What is the most common cause of metabolic bone disease from secondary hyperparathyroidism in reptiles?

A

improper diet with a Ca:P imbalance
leads to nutritional hyperparathyroidism and nutritional osteodystrophy (rickets)

inadequate UV light and high phosphorus levels can also cause this condition.

24
Q

What vitamin or mineral are reptiles most likely deficient in if they develop conjunctivitis, respiratory disease, overgrowth of horny mouth parts, blepharitis, otitis, and hyperkeratosis?

A

vitamin A (hypovitaminosis A)
vitamin A is essential for the maintenance of epithelium.

25
Q

What is dysecdysis?

A

incomplete or retained shed of skin, patchy shed, or retained spectacles.

26
Q

What is the most common cause of dysecdysis?

A

improper husbandry

27
Q

what is the treatment for dysecdysis?

A

warm water soak/mist + removal or retained shed.

28
Q

A reptile presents to your clinic with abdominal distention and is restless. The owner allows you to radiograph this animal. Based on your findings, you treat this animal with supportive care and oxytocin.

What is the condition?

A

follicular stasis / dystocia
otherwise known as a retained egg / being egg bound

29
Q

What are the 3 possible etiologies for gout (an accumulation of uric acid within joints and soft tissues) in reptiles?

A
  1. excess protein
  2. water deprivation causing incomplete clearance of uric acid
  3. aminoglycoside toxicity
30
Q

what is the treatment for gout in reptiles?

A

increase availability of water

31
Q

how can reptiles get traumatic injury? (4 things)

A
  1. burns (heat lamp or light source)
  2. escape attempts
  3. bites from live prey
  4. secondary bacterial or fungal infection
32
Q

what are the 3 orders within the class ‘Amphibia’?

A
  1. Anura (frogs and toads)
  2. Caudata (salamanders and sirens)
  3. Gymnophiona (caecilians)
33
Q

What are the 5 important pet species of order ‘Anura’ in class Amphibia?

A
  1. Rana (leopard, bull, and green frogs)
  2. Bufo (toads)
  3. Dendrobates (poison arrow frog)
  4. Hyla (tree frog)
  5. Xenopus laevis (african clawed frog)
34
Q

Which of the 3 orders within the class Amphibia have EXTERNAL fertilization as opposed to internal?

A

Anura has external fertilization (with a few exceptions of eggs being laid in the water and developing via metamorphosis)

Caudata and Gymnophiona have internal fertilization mostly (with a few exceptions)

35
Q

What are the 4 important pet species of the order Caudata within the class Amphibia?

A
  1. Ambystoma spp. (mole salamanders)
  2. Necturus spp. (mudpuppies)
  3. Notophthalmus viridecens (eastern red spotted newt)
  4. Taricha granulosa (rough skinned newt)
36
Q

Amphibian species from _____________ generally prefer low-flow systems and tolerate lower quality water.

A

ponds and small bodies of water

37
Q

T/F: most amphibians are insectivorous and require high protein diets.

A

true

38
Q

A client comes to you because their son found a salamander outside and is attempting to keep it. They said it wont eat… They say they’ve been feeding it dead worms. What is the first issue that pops into your head?

A

wild amphibians must be habituated to dead or commercial foods and may fail to convert to these.

39
Q

T/F: just like fish, amphibians have many conditions associated with water quality issues.

A

true

40
Q

A client brings in a frog that has erythema and ecchymoses on the underside of the legs and abdomen. The culture comes back with Aeromonas hydrophilia growth.
What is the diagnosis for this frog?

A

bacterial dematosepticemia (Red Leg Syndrome)

41
Q

how do you treat / prevent bacterial dematosepticemia (Red Leg Syndrome)?

A

the bacteria commonly isolated from this condition is aeromonas hydrophilia, which is opportunistic in stressed or immunocompromised animals.

  • antibiotics based on c/s
  • proper sanitation
  • enhance quality of environment
42
Q

What is the treatment for an amphibian with mycobacteriosis?

A

treatment is not recommended because the pathogen is zoonotic

43
Q

Chromomycosis is a disease caused by pigmented fungi. It leads to pigmented granulomas throughout the skin and organs. It is zoonotic.

Is this disease more common in aquatic or terrestrial amphibians?

A

terrestrial because the fungal organisms are ubiquitous in the soil

44
Q

A client brings you their frog who has these white cottony growths all over its skin. You do a wet-mount of a skin scraping and see Saprolegnia, so you diagnose this animal with Saprolegniasis.
What is the cause of this condition?

A

this is an opportunistic pathogen secondary to stress, trauma, or poor water quality.

45
Q

What disease is caused by a fungus called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and leads to epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and dermatitis in amphibians.

A

chytridiomycosis

46
Q

how do you treat chytridiomycosis?

A

itraconazole bath

47
Q

T/F: frogs are suseptible to a capillarid infection of the skin that causes skin sloughing and can predispose them to bacterial infections and death.

A

true

48
Q

T/F: amphibians can serve as a source of infection with Lungworm for reptiles where the pathogen is considered very serious.

A

true

49
Q

What is Lucke’s Tumor in the northern leopard frog?

A

a renal adenocarcinoma caused by herpesvirus

50
Q

Luckes Tumor has a seasonal change in tumor prevalence… What season are tumors most common in?

A

early spring (as frogs emerge from hibernation)

51
Q

What viruses are associated with mass mortality in the common frog and the endangered Sonora Tiger Salamander?

A

iridoviruses

HP Exam 3 (8 decks)

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