Reproductive Technologies (Pt2)

Question 1

Cloning Definition

Answer 1

Technology for the production of genetically identical individuals

Question 2

Embryo Splitting

Answer 2

Small scale cloning (kinda)
Cutting embryos in have to produce twin embryos

Question 3

Cloning by Nuclear Transplantation

Answer 3

Eggs matured in vitro
Nuclei surgically removed to get rid of DNA
Individuals cells from multi-cell embryo inserted into each ova
Produces a number of identical embryos

Question 4

Electro Cell Manipulator (ECM)

Answer 4

Fuse new DNA material with empty egg

Question 5

Measure cloned animal for performance

Answer 5

-Progeny test
-Statistical analysis
-Shorten Gi

Question 6

Benefits of Cloning

Answer 6

-Big jump in genetic merit [One generation of genetically elite animals]
-Increases uniformity
-Observed variation due to environment
-Increased accuracy of selection
-Increased selection intensity

Question 7

Cloning Adult Animals

Answer 7

Insert mature, differentiated cells into empty ovum
[They DO NOT age rapidly]

Question 7

Problems with Cloning

Answer 7

-Lose genetic variation important for future generations
-Risk that line could be susceptible to pathogens or environmental stress
-Time consuming to genetically evaluate each line before making commercially available
-Expensive

Question 8

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Definition

Answer 8

Technique for creating ovum with donor nucleus

Question 9

SCNT Use

Answer 9

-Embryonic stem cell research
-“Therapeutic” cloning (Program cell storage become different things)
- 1st step in reproductive cloning

Question 10

SCNT Limitations

Answer 10

• Stresses placed don both egg cell and introduced nucleus are huge
  (High loss in resulting cells)
  -Procedure cannot be automated
• Limited understanding of biochemistry
• Not all donor’s genetic information is tranfered

Question 11

Controversy of SCNT

Answer 11

Reproductive cloning of humans and human stem cell research

Appropriate sourcing of ovum is needed (human ova)

Question 12

Same Sex Mating

Answer 12

Highly theoretical
Possibility to have genetic parents of same sex
Using procedures for nuclear transplantation and embryo transfer
Nuclear Fusion

Question 13

Nuclear Fusion

Answer 13

Artificial fertilization that combines the nuclei of tow gametes

Question 14

Application of Same Sex mating

Answer 14

-Mating best sires with best sires or best mares with best mares
- Self-mating