Reproductive technologies Flashcards

AI to Sex Control

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1
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Semen collected from males and can be used fresh, cooled, or frozen to breed females

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2
Q

Estrus Synchronization

A

Hormones used to induce females to come into heat at the same time
[PGF2 alpha, Progesterone, or GnRH]

Reduces number of days to inseminate

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3
Q

PGF2 alpha

A

Hormone
Regression of Corpus lutem and decrease in progesterone synthesis

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4
Q

Progestogen

A

Hormone
Feedback on hypothalamus by blocking LH and FSH hormones

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5
Q

GnRN (Gonadotropin Releasing hormone)

A

Hormone
Ovulation/luteinization of growing follicle

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6
Q

Embryo Transfer

A

Collection of embryos form donor females and transferred to recipient females

Donors are super ovulated and inseminated
Embryos are collected before implantation to be frozen or transferred

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7
Q

Issues with Embryo Transfer

A

Difficulty identifying candidates to be donors

Traits with maternal effects can be affect by recipient females (ex: brith or weaning wgt)

More costly and difficult than AI (still need to synchronize donor and recipe if using fresh embryos)

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8
Q

In Vitro Fertilization

A

Fertilization in test tube
Eggs collected and matured/incubated and fertilized in lab

Can be frozen or transferred

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9
Q

Egg Harvest

A

Ultrasound guided aspiration
Laproscopy (minimal invasive surgery)

Embryos tranferred at 8-cell stage or blastocyst stage into recipient

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10
Q

IVF Advantages

A

-Increased number of possible pregnancies
-Collect eggs repeatedly from same donor at short intervals
-Doesn’t have to be a certain stage of estrous cycle
-No need to super overate female
-Decrease Gi
-Eggs can be collected from immature females

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11
Q

IVF Disadvantages

A

-Expensive
-Success rate relatively low
-Abnormalities of offspring (Can trigger unwanted genes that are supposed to be silent)

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12
Q

Sex Control: Embryo

A

Possible to determine sex of embryo by physically removing a few cells and examining chromosomes

Two ways: Biopsy of Blastomere or Testing Maternal Blood Plasma

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13
Q

Sex Control: Sperm

A

Sperm sorting
Possible to sort sperm carrying X chromosome from sperm with Y chromosomes

Process is too slow to have sexed sperm still be viable

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14
Q

Flow cytometry

A

Measurement of cells as they flow by a detector
Sorts based on DNA content of sperm cells
-Semen labeled with fluorescent dye which binds to DNA
-X chromosome absorbs more dye thus glows brighter
-X and Y inversely charged and sorted by charge (Electrostatic deflection)

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15
Q

Sexed Semen for Cattle

A

Ability to separate X and Y sperm and produce desired sex of calf with 90% accuracy

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16
Q

Sexed Semen for Cattle: Application

A

-Sex choice depends on thegenetics and marking programs
-Commercial and feedstock herds want male calves
-Heifers usually priced higher
-Better economic