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Biology 30 > Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is sexual reproduction important?

A

It produces variation with a species

It provides a basis for natural selection within a species

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2
Q

What are the testes?

A

The male gonads, primary reproductive organ

Produce sperm and testosterone

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3
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The sac that contains the testes

Cooler temperature to keep the sperm cells alive

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4
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Tube that conducts sperm towards the urethra

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5
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Conducts semen towards the penis

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6
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

A tubule formed at the union of the vas deferens, seminal ducts, and the opening of the urethra

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7
Q

What is seminal fluid?

A

A secretion of the male reproductive organs composed of sperm and fluids

The fluid part of semen is secreted by three glands; seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and Cowper’s gland

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8
Q

What is the seminal vesicle?

A

Contributes to seminal fluid

Secretion contains fructose (source of energy for the sperm cell) and prostaglandins

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9
Q

What is the prostate gland?

A

Contributes to seminal fluid

Secretion contains buffers that protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the vagina

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10
Q

What is the Cowper’s gland?

A

Structure that contributes a music rich fluid to seminal fluid

Mucus is thought to protect the sperm from acids in urethra associated with urination, and may also assist in sperm movement

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11
Q

What is the acrosome of a sperm cell?

A

The cap found on sperm cells that contains enzymes that permit the Soren to move through the outer layers of the ovum (egg)

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12
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process by which spermatogonia divide and differentiate into mature sperm cells

Site of spermatogenesis is the seminiferous tubules (coiled ducts within the testes)

Newly produced sperm cells will mature in the epididymis

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13
Q

What are Sertoli Cells?

A

Specialized cells within the seminiferous tubules

Provide metabolic and mechanical support for developing sperm

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14
Q

What are Interstitial (Leydig) Cells?

A

Cells found in testes surrounding seminiferous tubules

Secrete testosterone

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15
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone testosterone in the male reproductive system?

A

Found in interstitial cells

Stimulated spermatogenesis, promotes and regulated the development of secondary sex characteristics, associated with sex drive

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16
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone FSH in the male reproductive system?

A

Found in pituitary gland

Stimulates the production of the sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone LH in the male reproductive system?

A

Found in the pituitary gland

Promotes production of testosterone by interstitial cells of Leydig

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18
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone GnRH in the male and female reproductive system?

A

Found in hypothalamus

Stimulated secretion of FSH and LH

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19
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Produce hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Site of ovum development and ovulation

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20
Q

What are the Fallopian tubes (oviducts)?

A

Carry ovum from ovary to uterus

Site of fertilization

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21
Q

What is the fimbriae?

A

Sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube after ovulation

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22
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Organ in which embryos and fetus develops

Involved in menstruation

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23
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

lining of the uterus

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24
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Spectated the vagina from the uterus

Holds fetus in place during pregnancy

Dilated to allow fetus to leave the uterus

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25
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Extends from cervix to external environment

Provides pathway for sperm and menstrual flow

Functions as the birth canal

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26
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Is the formation of an ovum

Occurs in specialized cells in the ovaries called follicles

Within the follicle an oocyte undergoes meiosis and becomes an ovum

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27
Q

What are the two types of cells contains in the follicle?

A

A primary oocyte

Cells of granulosa

28
Q

What are the cells of granulosa in the follicle?

A

The layer of cells that forms the follicle wall

These cells provide nutrients for the developing oocytes

29
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone LH in the female reproductive system?

A

Found in the anterior pituitary

Ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum

30
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone FSH in the female reproductive system?

A

Found in the anterior pituitary

Development of follicle in ovary

31
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone Estrogen in the female reproductive system?

A

Found in the follicle cell and corpus luteum

Secondary sex characteristics and thickening of endometrium

32
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone Progesterone in the female reproductive system?

A

Found in the corpus luteum

Stimulated the endometrium, inhibits ovulation

33
Q

What is the location and location and function of the hormone Inhibin in the female reproductive system?

A

Found in the corpus luteum

Inhibits GnRH

34
Q

What is the flow phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation

Days 1-5

35
Q

What is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle develops and the endometrium is restored

Estrogen from follicle cells is produced

Days 6-13

36
Q

What is the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oocyte bursts from ovary

Day 14

37
Q

What is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Corpus luteum forms, endometrium thickens

Estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum

Days 15-28

38
Q

What hormones should a women be given before egg harvesting?

A

Estrogen because it causes ovulation

39
Q

What hormones should a women be given pre-implantation?

A

Progesterone because it strengthens endometrium

40
Q

What is an oviduct?

A

Location where the egg becomes fertilized

41
Q

What is the process of cleavage?

A

The zygote is dividing without any increase in size

Cells are becoming smaller

42
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

By the time it reaches the uterus, the zygote has developed into a fluid filled structure called a blastocyst

It possesses an inner cell mass which forms the embryo

The outer layer consists of cells collectively called trophoblast, which go on to form the placenta

43
Q

What is the process of fertilization?

A

150 to 300 million spermatogenesis travel through the cervix upon ejaculation, a few 100 will reach the Fallopian tubes

Only a single sperm fuses with the ovum to form a zygote

Fertilization normally occurs in the Fallopian tube

44
Q

What is the implantation of the blastocyst?

A

The blastocyst attaches to the endometrium wall

Occurs approximately one week after fertilization

Implantation takes approximately 5 days

45
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

On rare occasions, a fertilized embryo embeds itself in the Fallopian tube (or other structures) instead of the uterine lining

46
Q

How does the maintenance of the endometrium work during the start of pregnancy?

A

The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst produces hCG

hCG maintains the corpus luteum during the first 3 months of pregnancy, which prevents the shedding of the endometrium

Pregnancy tests work by identifying hCG in urine

Once the placenta is formed, hCG is no longer produced

47
Q

What is the process of gastrulation?

A

The formation of the three primary germ layers of the blastocyst

Each layer will undergo a series of changes to be distinct structures that later develop into organs

48
Q

What structures does the germ layer ectoderm (outer) form?

A

Skin, hair, fingernails, sweat glands

Nervous system, brain, peripheral nerves

Lens, retina, cornea

Inner ear, cochlea, semicircular canals

Teeth, inside lining of the mouth

49
Q

What structures does the germ layer mesoderm (middle) form?

A

Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

Blood vessels and blood

Kidney, reproductive structure

Connective tissue, cartilage, bone

50
Q

What structures does the germ layer endoderm (inner) form?

A

Liver, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid

Urinary bladder

Lining of digestive system

Lining of respiratory tract

51
Q

What is the process of neurulation?

A

Between weeks 3 and 8 organs form

The germ layers separate and form organs

During the 3rd week a band of mesoderm cells forms along the back of the embryonic disk

These cells form a rod-like notochord, which will make up the skeleton

The nervous system develops from the ectoderm located above the notochord

52
Q

What is the process of organ formation?

A

After neurulation the heart begins to form

This is followed by blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, arms and legs, and the structures of the head

The brain continues its development and the gonads begin to develop external genitalia (about the 6th week)

53
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Forms from cells from the endometrium and the fetus and has numerous blood vessels

54
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Becomes the placenta

The outermost membrane surrounding an embryo

55
Q

What is the yolk sac?

A

Does not provide nutrients

Goes on to form the digestive system

56
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

Connect embryo to placenta

57
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Forms blood vessels of placenta, exchange gas, handle waste, future umbilical cord

58
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Membrane that closely covers the embryo

Fills with amniotic fluid which forms amniotic sac which provides a protective environment for embryo of fetus

59
Q

What happens in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

By week 2 germ layers form

By the end of this trimester the heart, brain, limb buds, have all developed

Arms and legs move and there’s a sucking reflex

At the end external reproductive organs are present

60
Q

What happens in the second trimester of pregnancy?

A

Fetus moves enough to be noticed

All organs have formed

Eyelids and eyelashes form

Cartilage is replaced with bone cells

Soft hair covers body

61
Q

What happens in the third trimester of pregnancy?

A

Rapid growth of baby particularly layers of fat

Organ systems are already established but continue to develop

62
Q

What happens in the latent phase of labour?

A

Labour begins 38 to 40 weeks after conception

Initially the cervix begins to thin and the mucus plug that sealed the cervix falls out

63
Q

What happens in the active phase of labour?

A

Oxytocin, from the pituitary gland, causes contractions

Cervix begins to dilate, contractions become regular and intense

Prostaglandins appear in mother’s blood

In the end the cervix has dilated to 10 cm diameters

64
Q

What happens in the birth phase of labour?

A

Contractions move fetus to birth canal

Relaxin (placenta) loosens ligaments in pelvis

Uterine contractions and active pushing by the mother to push the baby out of the birth canal

65
Q

What happens in the afterbirth phase of labour?

A

Once the baby is born the umbilical cord is slipped and cut

A number of contractions expel the placenta and most of the umbilical cord

66
Q

What is a beech birth?

A

The baby enters the birth canal feet or buttocks first

A breech baby who is delivered buttocks first can be delivered normally but an episiotomy may be required

If the baby arrives feet first a Caesarian section birth may be performed

67
Q

What is the process of lactation?

A

During pregnancy, high levels of estrogen and progesterone prepare the breast for milk production

Each breast has 20 glands that produce milk

Prolactin levels rise dramatically after birth, which stimulated milk production in eco fund glands

Biology 30 (7 decks)

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