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Biology 30 > Population Genetics > Flashcards

Population Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

The proportion of gene copies of a given allele in a population

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2
Q

What is a fixed frequency?

A

When only a single allele is present for a gene (that allele frequency is 100%)

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3
Q

What are the equations for the Hardy-Weinburg Principle?

A

p + q = 1 (for allele frequencies)

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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4
Q

What are the conditions of the Hardy-Weinburg Principle?

A

The population is infinitely large

No migration occurs

No mutation occurs

No natural selection occurs

Mating is random

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5
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Is the change in the genetic makeup of a population from chance

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6
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When individuals from a large population leave to establish a new population the resulting genetic drift is called the founder effect

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7
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

When a random, severe environmental event results in a drastic reduction in population size (and genetic drift) it is known as the bottleneck effect

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8
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The movement of alleles from one population to another through the movement of individuals or gametes

When individuals migrate they alter the gene pool of both populations

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9
Q

How do mutations effect the genetics of a population?

A

When a mutation arises, it has the potential to alter the gene pool or allele frequencies of the population, and therefore the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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10
Q

How does natural selection effect the genetics of a population?

A

Mutations may result in a new phenotype

Natural selection then acts upon the mutation

Mutation provides a source of variation, but natural selection acts on individuals and their phenotypes, and causes changes over time

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11
Q

How do you calculate the density of a population?

A

Population density (Dp) is the number of individual organisms (N) in a given area (A) or volume (V)

Dp = N/A 
Dp = N/V
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12
Q

What are distribution patterns?

A

Population dispersion refers to the general pattern in which individuals are distributed through a specific area

Clumped dispersion, uniform dispersion, random dispersion

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13
Q

How do you calculate changes in population numbers?

A

There are 4 processes that change the size of a population

Mortality (Deaths) (m)
Emigration (e)
Natality (Births) (n)
Immigration (i)

N = (n + i) - (m + e)

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14
Q

What is growth rate?

A

Growth rate (gr) is the change in population size per unit of time

Per captia growth rate (cgr) is the change in population size relative to initial size of population per unit of time

gr = N/t

cgr = Nf - Ni/N

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15
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

Is the maximum number of offspring that can be produced when there are no restrictions

An organism reaches its biotic potential when there is unlimited resources (food, water, shelter, etc) and ideal living condition

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16
Q

What factors effect biotic potential?

A

Number of offspring per cycle

How many offspring live long enough to reproduce

Age of reproductive maturity

How often they reproduce in one life span

The length of the life span

17
Q

What is exponential growth (J shaped curve)?

A

Exponential growth demonstrates growth limited only by biotic potential

Usually small organisms

18
Q

What is the lag phase?

A

At the beginning the population is small so growth of this population is slow, as the numbers increase the population will experience an exponential rate of growth

19
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The limit to the number of individuals that an environment can support at any given time

Carrying capacity = max number

20
Q

What is a logistic growth pattern (S shaped sigmoidal curve)?

A

Eventually, competition for resources will slow the rate of growth

Logistic growth, limited by carrying capacity, is most like the population growth seen in wild populations

21
Q

What is a K-Selected Species?

A

Have few offspring per cycle, offspring take a long time to mature, they live a long time and are usually larger in size

Their numbers stay close to the carrying capacity

They display an S-shaped logistic graph

22
Q

What is a R-Selected Species?

A

Organisms that have a high potential, like insects

Short life span, early reproductive age, produce lots of offspring

Their populations spike and then have a drastic drop

They display a exponential, J-Shaped curve

23
Q

What are density dependent factors?

A

A factor that influences a population at a particular density

Intraspecific competition, predation, disease

24
Q

What is a minimum viable population?

A

The smallest number of individuals needed for a population to continue

25
Q

What are density independent factors?

A

A factor that has the same influence on a population at any population density

Habitat destruction, natural disasters, human action

26
Q

What are Limiting Factors?

A

Of all the resources that a population requires for growth, the resource in the shortest supply is called the limiting factor and it determines how much the population can grow

Can be density dependent or density independent

27
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of different species

28
Q

What is interference competition?

A

Actual fighting or aggression between individuals of different species over the same resource

29
Q

What is Exploitative Competition?

A

Consumption of shared resources, one species monopolizes the resources

30
Q

What is succession?

A

Is the slow, progressive replacement of one community by another during development of vegetation in the area

31
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Plant life in area not previously covered by vegetation

32
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Succession in an area that did have vegetation and still has some soil

33
Q

What is a pioneer community?

A

The first species to appear during succession

Biology 30 (7 decks)

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