Endocrine System Flashcards
What are hormones?
Chemical receptors
Produced at one place and affects another place called the target site
Picked up by receptors
What are exocrine glands?
Produce and secrete substances into skin surface by way of duct (like salivary duct)
What are endocrine glands?
Secrete hormones directly into blood stream
What is homeostasis?
Balance or equilibrium
What is the pituitary gland?
The master gland
Controls all other glands in body
Situated at the base of the brain
Connected to and controlled by the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus/pituitary complex demonstrates the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
What is the posterior pituitary gland?
Extension of the hypothalamus
stores and releases hormones that are made in the hypothalamus
What is the anterior pituitary gland?
Manufactures and secretes hormones
What is negative feedback loop in the thyroid gland?
- Hypothalamus receives stimuli
- Triggers the anterior pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
- TSH bonds to receptors at thyroid
- Triggers thyroid to release thyroxine
- Thyroxine triggers increase in temperature
- Negative feedback stops the release of TSH at the anterior pituitary
Through what gland is calcium regulated in the blood?
Thyroid and parathyroid
What are the adrenal glands?
Maintain salt and water level in body
Respond to stress
Adrenal Medulla (inner gland) regulated by nervous system
Adrenal Cortex (outer gland) regulated by hormones
What is the short term stress response?
Controlled by nervous system
Hypothalamus sends nerve signals via the spinal cord
Nerve signals reach the adrenal medulla
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
What is the long term stress response?
Controlled by endocrine system
Hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary with releasing hormone
Anterior pituitary releases ACTH into blood
ACTH reached adrenal cortex and releases corticosteroids
Which gland regulates blood sugar?
Controlled by the Isles of Langerhans in the pancreas
What are the gonads?
Testes
Ovaries
What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus?
HRH (hypothalamus releasing hormone)
ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) (made here)
Oxytocin (made here)
What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary?
hGH (human growth hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulated hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (leutinizing hormone)
PRL (prolactin)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?
Oxytocin (stored here)
ADH (stored here)
What hormones are secreted from the thyroid?
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
What hormones are secreted from the parathyroid?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
What hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
Aldosterone
What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
What hormones are secreted from the pancreas?
Insulin
Glycagon
What hormones are secreted from the ovaries?
Estrogen
Progesterone
What hormones are secreted from the testes?
Testosterone
What is the effect of the HRH hormone?
Acts on the pituitary gland
What is the effect of the hGH hormone?
Acts on cells, bones and muscles for growth
What is the effect of the TSH hormone?
Acts on the thyroid gland
What is the effect of the FSH hormone?
Production of follicles to produce eggs in females and sperm in males
What is the effect of the LH hormone?
Ovulation in females, production of testosterone in males
What is the effect of the PRL hormone?
Milk production
What is the effect of the ACTH hormone?
Acts on adrenal cortex
What is the effect of the oxytocin hormone?
Causes uterine contractions, breast milk
What is the effect of the ADH hormone?
Retains/reabsorbs water
What is the effect of the calcitonin hormone?
Increases calcium in the bones
Decreases calcium in the blood
What is the effect of the metabolism hormone?
Increase metabolism
What is the effect of the PTH hormone?
Decreases calcium in bones
Increases calcium in blood
What is the effect of the cortisol hormone?
Slow stress response
Breaks down proteins into glucose for energy
What is the effect of the aldosterone hormone?
Increases sodium retention, water retention, and increases blood pressure
What is the effect of the epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones?
Fast stress response, sympathetic nervous system
What is the effect of the insulin hormone?
Decrease blood sugar
What is the effect of the glucagon hormone?
Increases blood sugar
Converts glycogen to glucose
What is the effect of the estrogen hormone?
Secondary sec characteristics, growth of uterine lining
What is the effect of the progesterone hormone?
Prevents uterine contractions
What is the effect of the testosterone hormone?
Sperm production and secondary sex characteristics
What glands and hormones are effected by diabetes mellitus and what are the symptoms?
Body doesn’t produce enough insulin and blood sugar levels are too high
Symptoms: Glucose in urine, sweet smelling breath
What glands and hormones are effected by diabetes insipidus and what are the symptoms?
Effects the kidney and ADH
Large amount of dilute urine, dehydration, thirst, dry skin
What glands and hormones are effected by giantism and what are the symptoms?
Effects the anterior pituitary and hGH
Large hands and feet, thick toes and fingers, big jaw and forehead, bold facial features
What glands and hormones are effected by goiter and what are the symptoms?
Effects the Thyroid and TSH
Swelling in neck, hoarseness, coughing, and difficulty breathing
What glands and hormones are effected by graves and what are the symptoms?
Thyroid (immune system attacks the thyroid)
Anxiety, weight loss, large thyroid, heat sensitivity
What glands and hormones are effected by hypothyroidism and what are the symptoms?
Under active thyroid, not enough thyroxin
Decreased metabolism, weight gain, tired, weak, cold intolerance
What glands and hormones are effected by hyperthyroidism and what are the symptoms?
Overactive thyroid, too much thyroxine
Increases metabolism, weight loss, hot, hyperactive
