reproductive system = female Flashcards
1
Q
female reproductive system is more complex
A
needs to prod gametes and hormones
peprare to nurture the developing embryo
2
Q
internal genitalia
accessory ducts
external genetalia
A
int = ovaries
access = fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
ext = vulva
3
Q
ovaries
A
anchored by ligaments
served by ovarian arteries (from abdo aorta) and the ovarian branch of the uterine arteries.
4
Q
ligaments of the ligaments
A
suspensory = holds fallopian tubes up
ovarian = connect tot uterus keep ovaries in place on either side
mesovarium = part of the broad ligament that supports the ovaries, tubes and uterus.
below the dotted line
5
Q
ovaries
A
tunica albuginea = covers surface of ovaries
germinal epithelium = most outer covering
cortex has follicle at all stages of development.
oocyte = egg
granulosa cells = make up wall of follicle
theca cells = bind LH, make T
6
Q
primordial cells levels through life
A
tiny cells, starting point
women have all at birth
lose a 1/3 by puberty
at 50 run to low, stop menstruating
7
Q
in gen, what happens after ovulation
A
leftover wall of follicle makes corpus lutem
hormone producing structure during 2nd half of cycle and 1/3 of pregnancy.
eventually be degenerated
8
Q
fallopian tubes
A
receive off and provide site for fertilization
ampulla = site of fertilization
expanded and boarder region of tubes.
infundibulum = funnel shape, not the finger part = catch the egg
fimbriae = finger like processes = will be motile during ovulation = suck egg out = encourage to get further into fallopian tubes
isthmus = bridge, where connects to uteruses
gets skinnier
external covering = visceral peritoneum
supported by mesosalpinx = keeps stretched out = straight upper part of dotted line
9
Q
eptotic pregnancy
A
where embryo goes down length, slows down/doesnt move fast enough
implants itself on wall s
no room to grow, going to have to be terminated
can’t support the amount of growth
could be damage to tubes when terminating preg
10
Q
the structure og the walls helps egg moves toward uterus
A
smooth muscles have mild contractile activity
epithelial lining are ciliated = if egg bumps into egg, will give them a bit of a push to keep going
11
Q
uterus
A
anterior to rectum
and posterior/superior to blaffer
receives retains and nourish embryo
shape = inverted pair in nulliparous women(never been preg)
up is broad, down is thin
fundus = above the tubes attached to the point
body = most of the uterus
isthmus = not clear, where starts to thin
cervix
vagina
12
Q
internal vs external os
A
int = opening from uterus to cervix
ext = opening from cervix to vagina
13
Q
cervical glands
A
mucus fills cervical canal and covers the external os (from cervix to vagina)
prevents infection
14
Q
supports of the uterus
A
cardinal ligaments = from vervix and upper vagina, to lateral walls of pelvis
round ligaments = seen branching to the anterior
from the att point of the tubes
mesometrium/broad ligament = majority of the ligament = lateral = wing
uretrosacral ligaments = to sacrum post
under the ureter going to bladder
15
Q
uterine walls
A
3 layers
perimetrium = visceral peritoneum
myometrium = middle, interlacing bundles of smooth muscles (during preg gets larger for delivery)
endometrium = simple columnar epi. + thick laminated proper
16
Q
endometrium sub layers
A
stratum functionals = sheds during periods
inner most
Basilis = stays behind to have a starting point of mitotic point to make a new stratum functionalis
17
Q
vascular supply
A
uterine arteries
branch off to form =
arcuate artereis (still para)
branch off to form
radial arteries (now perp) in myometrium
branch off to form
strate artereis = stratum basils = stay as a baseline
spiral arteries = functionalism = ones that are gonna constrict and cut off blood supply
18
Q
endometrial/uterine glands
A
yellow glands embedded in endometrium layer of uteris
prod glycogen rich secretions = nutrient source for embryo
gonna get secreted into lumen
19
Q
vagina
A
passageway for
entry of sperm
exit of menstrual flow
delivery of infant
urethra is anterior and runs para
no glands = lubrication is provided by cervical glands
hymen = “pop the cherry”
extra bit of tissue that can rupture first time having sex, putting tampon, sports etc.
20
Q
3 layers of vagina
A
adeventita = outer fibroelastic
muscular = smooth muscles
mucosa = inner, strat squamous epi, has rugae.
W/T during sex and delivery
21
Q
acidic entrance?
A
epi celal store glycogen
glycogen is metabolized to form glucose to alcid acid
makes more acidic env to entry point
keeps bacteria under control.
deters infection, hostile to sperm.
22
Q
external genitalia = vulva
A
mons pubis = fatty, rounded area overlying pubic symphysis, covered with hair
labia majora =outer lips, elongated hair covered fatty skin folds
labia minora = thin, hair free folds, enclosed by labia major
vestibule = opening bn labia minora, has external opening of urethra, and vaginal opening
clitrois = erectile tissue, hooded by skin fold
innervated
corpora cavernosa
greater vestibular glands = 2 tiny openings = source of mucus
23
Q
ovary has 2 function
A
produce eggs = oocytes
produce reproductive homones like estradiol and progesterone
Estradiol = key during growth of follicle leading to ovulation
progesterone = imp throughout duration of pregnancy.
24
Q
remember, the hormones….
A
a cell produces depends on the enzymes it has
+ steroids are lipids= can pass through mb
25
3 types of steroid hormones produced in the ovarian follicle
progestins = progesterones = 21 C
prod by major ovarian cell types = granuloma cells, theca cells and corpus litem
imp during luteal phase of cycle + maintenance of preg (first 1/3)
Androgens = testosterone = 19C
most imp as precursor for estradiol synth
made by theca and corpus lutes
too much T =follicular Artesia
Estrogens = estradion = 18 C
synth by granulose and corpus luteum
essential for puberty and follicle development
26
use of T in women
if T starts to build up in follicles, should be taken as quickly as its coming in and converted to estradiol
enzyme in granuloma resp for conversion of T to estradiol = aromatase
active = follicle keeps growing
non active = T builds up, follicle slows down and degenerates
27
hypothalamus pituitary axis
hypothalamus releases GnRH to activate ant. pituitary
ant. pituitary releases LH and FSH
ovaries have receptors and do smth in response
28
Ant. pituitary hormones
FSH = stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and produce estradiol
binds to granolas cells
LH = stim theca cells to prod T
stimulates ovulation and secretion of steroid hormones by corpus litem
29
what is the goal of each menstrual cycle
ovulation of a single egg and prep lining of uterus to possibly receive an embryo
30
primordial cells
starting point
an oocyte surr by a single layer of flattened follicular cells = will become granulosa cells
are arrested at prophase of meiosis 1.
** stuck until about to ovulate, then will be activates.
we have all the primordial cells of our life at birth.
gradual loss
as you get older, the possibility of having a baby with Down syndrome inc as there is a higher risk of errors during meiosis .
31
development of primordial follicles
doesn't require stimulation from LH or FSH
some follicles can and do begin developing at any time
every few days some start developing
don't mature until we see enough LH and FSH
32
meiosis pathway
ooogonia to primary oocytes = during fetal development
now we have primary oocytes suspended in meiosis = prophase step
we get LH surge = before ovulation in out cycle
makes the 1o oocytes to continue meiosis
now we have 2o oocytes and polar bodies (discarded)
ovulation happens, 2o oocyte is released from the ovary
still paused in meiosis 2..
if fertilization occurs, the 2o oocyte continues meiosis 2 (needs to be w/in 24hrs)
now we have mature eggs and a second polar body.
When ovulation happens, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary.
It is still paused in metaphase II of meiosis II at this point.
If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, producing a mature ovum (egg) and a second polar body.
33
at what stages are oocytes arrested
first stop = prophase in meiosis 1
2ns stop = metphase of meiosis 2
34
trigger
LH surge and fertilization
35
fate of 1o eggs
and fate after trigger one
most undergo degeneration, don't mature
after frist trigger, also degenerated bc most don't get fertilized.
36
primary follicle: development events
gonadotropin independent
1. egg inc in size and now has zone pellucid
2. granulsia cell starts to divide and from several layers outside of egg
3. theca cells form = from intersistual cells closest tot he follicle differentiation
37
continued maturation of follicle requires what?
needs FSH and LH from ant. pit.
why so many are out bc this can happen every few days but if not right levels of hormones = start to degernate
38
the characteristic feature that distinguishes 2o from 1o follicles is ____
the appearance of an antral cavity
fluid filled space
so once you see fluid accumulating, it is 2o.
imp for nutrient and hormone exchange
to inc follicle size/maturation
and to select dominant follicle
39
basmenet mb divides follicle into 2 compartments
inner rnaulsa cell compartments = like steroli
non vascularized
FSH responsive
granulosa cell proliferation
granulosa cell estradiol production
FSH receptors
outer theca cell compartment = like Leydig
= vascularized
LH responsive
= T prod for use by graulosa cells (to make estradiol)
40
production of hormones in theca cells
cholesterol => => progesterone =>=>androstenedione
=> testosterone
41
grnulsa cell hormone production
cholesterol =>=> progesterone
androstenedione(from theca) => estrone =>estradiol
androstenedione (from theca) => testosterone => estradiol
+ additional T from theca
if enzyme making T to estradiol is not active enough = T buildup = cell might die
42
Dominant follicle
for one follicle to become dominant, must convert androgenic env to estrogenic env, if not = cell dies
as estradiol levels continue to rise FSH switched to induce receptors for LH
LH stim estradiol and progesterone production
now we can have LH surge to trigger ovulation
huge antrum, lots of granules,
43
LH stimulates
resumption of meiosis
progestogen production by granulosa cells
inc in atrial fluid V = builds P so when follicle opens, P will push it into space
release of hydrolytic enzymes = digest a hole where follicle can open up so egg can get out.
44
minor FSH surge
makes sure we have enough LH receptors for luteal phase = facilitate ovulation
site synth of hyaluronic acid = hold more water and makes Gell like material bn indv granules cells,
let go of tight junctions
= imp in cumulus expansion =
45
cumulus expansion
cumulus cells
cumulus-oocyte complex
where cumulus cells produce and secrete a sticky gel like substance, makes them swell and spread out.
helps release egg during ovulation and helps them be transported in tubes.
helps the sperm reach and penetrate the egg
cumulus cells = grp of granulosa cells that directly surr the oocyte inside the follicle. stay att after ovulation
help with= supplying nutrients. and helping with maturation .They support the oocyte by supplying nutrients, signaling molecules, and helping with maturation
46
corpus lutem
remainder of walls of follicle, the theca and granulosa cells reorganize and make corpus litem
is a transitnet endocrine structre = yellow bc of the cholesterol in it.
vascularized = delivers cholesterol.
life span of 12 days if no preg
relient on LH to maintain viable
in luteal, LH goes down, bc hormones exert neg. feedback on release of LH from ant. pit.
to maintain CL = HCG needed, coming from early embryo, similar to LH
bind to receptor and stims CL to prod and release hormones to maintain lining of uterus for 1st 3 months.
47
regulation ovulation
in cycle,
as estrogen levels rise slowly (and rising inhibit levels) will have - feedback.
FSH will go down, if there is a dominant follicle and it Is exerting its effect
estrogen levels will rise, cells are super active
trigger LH and minor FSH surge
slow rise = neg feedback
quick = opportunity effect.
48
ovulation as a whole
estrogen levels slowly inc as follicle develops
peak = when dominant follcuel is selected and starts producing high levels of E
after ovulation = follicle is turned into CL
CL.= prod both P and E, but P is higher
dominant homroes, E during follicle
and P during lutes
49
importance for the uterine lining
first dew days = shedding of the lining
as E inc = rebuild the lining, stim proliferation of endometrial cells
after ovulation, progesterone takes vvoer
promotes growth and maturation
progesterone limits further proliferation = reduce cancer risk
lining thickens due to cell enlargemntect not inc in #
prepares to receive possible embryo
if yes = implant
if no = CL is def = lose support = menstruation
loops the cycle
50
cylical reg of the uterine endometrium
proliferative phase and secretory phase
51
proliferative phase
resurfacing or epi
cell proliferation in response to ovarian E
Developing of spiral arteries and uterine glands = to replace ones lost to to menstruation
cervical mucus becomes thin = easier for sperm passage.
equivalent to the follicular phase of the ovary
52
secretory
why is it called secretary phase
what is the cerival plug
when is endometrium maximally receptive to embryo implantation
thickening of the while layer of uterus due to cell growth and fluid retention
- getting ready to fold on to an embryo
sec = glands are releasing secretions that contain glycogen that could nourish the embryo
plug = mucus becomes more viscous, after ovulation occurs = blocks entry to cervix, prevents against bac, physical batter
max. receptive = 6-10 days after ovulation. if no implantation, CL genes = no P secretion = uterine endometrium sheds
53
ok, so what if there was an egg that's Fert.
if egg is fertilized = hC prod in inc amounts.
helps CL until placenta progesterone can maintain pregnancy.
binds to LH receptors on corpus litem = keep CL active = keep making progesterone = keeps walls intact.
54
hormonal reg og pubery, what do FSH nad LH do for puberty
same initial events
FSH stimulates Estradiol secretion by granulosa cells
LH simulates T precurose from theca cells
(used by granulosa cells to make E)
E is vvv imp
we need to establish a regular cycle
55
estradiol is resp for
growth/maturation of breasts nad reproductive orgns
fat redistribution
bone maturation
56
menarche
first menstuation
age is variable
before puberty, there are many cycles of proliferation and degradation
until body has matured enough
then, if no pregnancy, CL is degraded, P drops = lining sheds for the first time.
the next cycle may not occur fro a few months
57
critical weiht tot reach before monarch + critical ratio of fat to lean
need to be big nad strong to go through 9 months of preg. to deliver and nourish the baby
if very lean/active or anorexic = don't have enough adipose tissue
58
aromatase in adipose + leptin
aromatase = enzyme that cat conversion of T to E
found in adipose, if supplied andogrwns from adrenal glands, converts to Estrogen
support process in puberty w extra source of estrogen
leptin = release GnRH, releases LH and FSH
stim certain events during puberty.
59
perimenopaise
from early 40s and onwards = transition years
ovarian functioning begins to fates
deprivation of estrogen ad its effect on FSH/LH secretion
result = hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, depression, loss of libido,
60
menopause
run out of primordial cells, may be growth for one month, but nothing for months at a tome
gradual, cuz there are still some, but pattern is not stable
if full year w/o menstruation = menopause
dec estrogen = no neg. feedback = inc FSH and LH levels
61
loss of ocarina estradiol affects all tissues that have E receptors
genital tissues = dryness + higher chance of vaginal infections
urinary tract = lining of bladder and rethra have E receptors, less E =inc peeing frequency, urgency or incontinence.
breast = atrophy
CS= before menopause = has protection from estrogens,
risk of stroke
skeleton = osteoporosis
62
for how long after ovulation is an egg capable of being fertilized
how long do sperm remain viable in female repod tract
egg = 24 hairs
sperm = 2-3 days
63
sperm capacitation
further maturation they undergo to be capable of fertilizing an eff
after being deposited in tract
happens once away from seminal fluid (w capacitation inh factors)
now = swim faster + more vigorously
plasma mb more fragile = facilities going through acrosome reaction
if IVF = wash sperm = get rid of Inh factors
64
sperm is diposited into female system, now what
zona pellucide can bind many sperm, but only 1 can fertilize the egg.
of millions in ejaculate, only few hundred get close to egg (that's in ampulla)
binding of sperm to zone = acrosome reactiona
65
acrosome reaction
one sperm, if get close enough to egg binds to zona
triggers the reaction
the acrosomal sac, on sperm, has enzymes that digest a pathway for the sperm
double mb inches and creates tiny hole, digests the zona so sperm can get through
only happens once reaches the zona, if starts earlier = use up all enzymes
goal = get nuclear info in egg
sperm binds to receptos on eggs plasma mb
sperm and egg mb fuse, sperm contents enter the oocyte
66
blocks to polyspermy
oocyte mb block
sperm binding receptors on mb of egg are shed
cortical reactions = icortical granules are released = hardens the zona and destroyes the receptors.
67
ok now egg is fertilized
meiosis resumes,
production of female prongs
sperm nuclear material male pronucleus
fuse to form 2N nucleus of zygote
68
zygote
fertilized egg
69
morula, blastocyte
Morula: Solid ball of cells, early stage. as dividing.
Blastocyst: Hollow ball of cells, stage that implants into the uterus.
it burrows into endometrium
70
hatching
fert egg is surr by zona pellucidia
prevents form att to fallopian tubes, discarded = hatching, once arrives to uterus then implants
71
ICM and trophoblast
inner cell mass= give rise to embryo
outer = trophonlast =give rise to planceta once implants.
72
embryonic developemnt
get embryonic sac
get placenta = site of exchange b embryo and mom
essential for keeping preg going
yolk sac = site of prod of first RBC in embryo
lots of orgsn systems developing
73
periods of pregnancy
conception to 2 weeks = germinal period
3-8 weeks =-5 weeks embryonic period = most sensitive to harmful substances
9-end of preg = fetal period = fetus
74
3 embryonic germ layers
ectoderm = skin, neural tissue
end = epi lining of GI, resp and glands associated with w those parts of the body
mesoderm = everything else
intervert dics, walls of resp and GI
kindey glands
blood vessels
75
placentation
maternal and fetal blood supplies are not in direct contact
nutrients, fases and waste diffuse though
- trophoblast layer
-mesenchyme (embryonic CT)
- fetal capillary endothelium
76
foramen ovale and ductus venosus
hole is septum, bn L and R atrium, don't need to keep seperate, closes after birth
allows blood not to completely go to liver and goes to other structures,
meets the need of liver but not active so don't need as much
77
dual function of the placenta
critical for continuation of preg
art going to beds = picking up O2 poor
emptying moms blood to blood sinus = lacunae
fatal caps w covering of tissue = dipping down into sinuses and exchange is happening
carried back through umm veins
78
hormones
hCG
very imp hormone prod in embryo
has to be prod immediately and steadily inc to rescue the lutem from degeneration.
keep active and supporting the embryo
takes over for lH
binds to receptors of CL = keeps pumping steroid hormones for first 1/3 until placenta takes over.
hCG is winding down = placenta is winding up so level of steroid hormone
we need a good takeover = not a good layup = lose the lining = lose the baby = miscarriage, why wait for 3 months
the hormone tested in preg tests.
antibodies on stick can distinguish it and bind to it, make it positive
79
hPL = hCS
human placental lactose
human chorionic somatomammotropin
protein hormone
similar to GH and prolactinn
placenta beings to secrete during 1st trimester. levels inc during delivery
stimulates breast development
supports fetal bone growth
--- raise blood glucose levels so that there is glucose available to developing baby
too high = type II = baby grows too much = harder to deliver
80
estrogen
initially from the corpus luteum
then passed on by placenta
converting androgens to estrogen
estrone and estradiol, the estriol
maintains unterine walls
breast development.
81
progesteron
initially from litem but passed on to placenta
levels inc through preg.
relaxing effect on smooth muscle =
uterus = as fetus grows, puts P on walls on certain location. don't want muscles to respond by contracting until delivery
vessels = blood volume inc = bp shouldn't
if does = cause of concern
V goes up from pro but pro relaxes the vessels so it doesn't.
ureters = slows down movement of urine = not helpful, inc risk of UTI, not emptying completely, bac hangs around and duplicates
too much glucose in urine used by bac to survive nad duplicate
GE sphincter = acid reflux = isn't closed as should be + uterus pushed up on stomach
intestine = constipation = muscle is relaxed = not digesting well enough
82
influence of preg on CV system
bp decreases slow
bp climbs back up going towards non preg b
pulse inc in 3rd trimester = more workload = eveyrhitng is heavier = heart works harder to circ blood
myocardial hypertrophy = blood gets bigger = inc contractile = heart becomes bigger, stronger, pumps more forcefully
Blood volume = goes up
plasma V goes up
RBC # geos uo
but plasma V goes up higher than prod of RBC
will still have more rbc than before but slightly anemic = slightly less viscous = easier to circ
83
preg effecting GI tract
Nausea = inc progesterone and hCG
hCG is most in 1st trimester, if nausea fades after 1/3 than prolly the cause
84
uribary tract and preg
kidney inc in lenght
now have more waste, so inc blood flow
smooth muscles of bladder relax = less bladder tone
bladder capacity doubles but uterus takes up more place
so pee more = more waste + less place
high prgesterone = promotes Na loss = water loss =
high aldosterone and estrogen = promote salt and water retention
UTI risk inc = bc of progesterone relaxing ureters and glucose.
85
Cervix
softening and increased vascularity from first 1/3
inc prod of mucus by endovervical glands = make mucus plus = stops micro org = spill into vagina
86
vagina
cervical secretions inc in quantity
decreased in pH ( high estrogen)
more susceptible to final infections, bc of high estrogen, high glucose
87
uterus
enlarges by hypertrophy = from progesterone nad estradiol
uterus moves out of pelvis = takes up more space = moves everything else
near end of preg = moves against diaphragm = SOB, consitaption, discomfort
blood flow to uterus inc 10x
88
Braxton hicks contraction
irregular un coordinated contractions
if in labor = painful with inc frequency and duration
Braxton = isolated, tightening feeling, one area not whole uterus
since musculature is becoming more irritable and ready for contractions
practise contractions
89
good nutrition is imp during preg
balanced diet = proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre
90
imp vitamisn
D = absorption of calcium at GI tract
folic acid = b vitamin = prod for DNA and RNA
imp for prod of new cells in embryo
prevents neural tube defects
needed early in preg
K = imp for blood clotting when placenta detaches in delivery so don't lose too much blood
91
imp minerals
iron = abc prod for mom and baby
calcium = growth and development of bone
if not enough for baby and mom,
baby will take from mom
92
parturition
initiation
lung problem
not completely understood what initiates it
maybe baby is in distress but keep as long as possible so maturation of lungs is done ( surfactant production) give mom cortisol to drive maturation
fetus is in charge of when labor happens
driven by + feedback
93
activation/elongation
cortisol = activates labor and stim maturation of lungs
estrogen rises as approach labor =
result
= inc # of oxytocin receptors on uterine cell walls = become more sensitive to it = stronger contractions during labor
= progesterone stops having relaxing effect = activates labor
94
2 hormones imp during labour and delivery
oxytocin = coming from post. pituitary
= helps strengthen the muscular contractions of the uterus during labour to push baby out
prostaglandins = coming from uterus walls
acts close to where being prod.
= ripens the cervix, gives a bigger opening to pass through
95
stages of parturition
dilation = uterine contractions dilate cervix up to 10 cm
longest esp for 1st time moms
expulsion = full dilation to birth
placental = delivery of placenta
96
effacement, then dilation
effacement = shortening of cervix as baby pushed down
dilation = opening up a pathway babies head can fit through
head down is what we need
97
why is labour not initiated in the end part of preg
oxytocin levels are high during end part of preg but labour not initiated
bc progesterone levels are too high
mymoetrial cells don't have enough oxytocin receptors
98
neuroendocrine reg
baby moves into birth canal = pressure of bear on cerviz
neuroendocrine reflex, result =
oxytocin released from post. pit
stronger contractions
more pressure
more oxytocin
and continues
contractions continue after birth compress uterine blood vessels = limit bleeding and cause placental detachment
99
hormonal reg of breast development during preg
alveolus = glandular structure involved in milk prod.
lined by single layer of milk secreting epi cells
each boob has 15-20 lobes subdivided into lobules,
each lobule has alveolus
estradiol and progesterone = stim frukter growth and development of alveoli and ducts
prolactin stim milk production
but no secretion bc of inh from estriol and progesterone
postpartum = levels of estriol and progesterone = dec = full expression of prolactin os have production and secretioon
100
how lactation is maintained
prolactin = secretion of caseins, lactose, fatty acids,
oxytocin = contraction of cells to allow milk let-down (squeezing gland and letting milk flow through duct system to baby
both required for continued lactation
burst of prolactin every time sucking, to make more milk for next feeding
101
if not breastfeeding?
tissues will start to make milk, but no suckling so no boost in prolactin, so milk is reabsorbed nad no milk is being prod.
