Lecture 2 **

Question 1

Fibrinolysis

Answer 1

removal of clot when no longer needed

steps:
tPA is released from surrounding healthy cells
tPA activates plasminogen =>plasmin
plasmin breaks clot down

begins w/in 2 days

Question 2

in general, mechanism to control size of clot

Answer 2

remove coagulation factors
inhibit activated clotting factors

Question 3

Factors limiting clot growth/formation, gen

Answer 3

1. blood washes procoagulants away normally.
2. thrombin is absorbed into fibrin threads
3. any escaping thrombin is deactivated by antithrombin III
4. antithrombin III and protein C inactivate many intrinsic pathway procoagulations
5. heparin enhances antithrombin III and stops intrinsic pathways
6. smooth lining of normal vessels prevent un needed clotting
   also NO and prostacyclin

Question 4

thromboembolytic

Answer 4

undesirable intravascular clotting

Question 5

thrombi

Answer 5

stationary unnecessary clot, uncomfortable/dangerous, block blood circulation

Question 6

why might a thrombus form, if not needed

Answer 6

staying stationary for long period of time, blood stasis, blood not moving fast enough,

high bp can push too forcefully against the walls of the vessels, epi cells peel off, exposure to collagenn

Question 7

embolus

Answer 7

thrombus or part of thrombus that escaped can get restuck in a more critical/smaller vessel

Question 8

treatment

Answer 8

tPA = which is usually released by healthy surr cells around a cut

streptokinase = bacteria enzyme that activates plasminogen

Question 9

why is aspirin a good preventative therapy for heart attack patients

Answer 9

baby aspirin inhibits production of thromboxane which is what makes platelets sticky and clump together

Question 10

thrombocytopenia

Answer 10

penia = fewer than normal
so less thrombin and les platelets, all stem cells commit to everything put platelets

any condition harmful to bone marrow (radiation, drugs,

we give whole blood transfusions for temp relief bc platelet life span is approx 10 days.

petechiae = bruise easy, small red dots = small breaks in caps, but body can’t even repair that

Question 11

impaired liver function

Answer 11

liver disease/liver failure
procoagulants come from liver
coagulants promote clotting

also, liver makes bile,
bile needed for absorbing vitamin K
why? bc is a fat solute vitamin and bile emulsifies fats
imp bc? K is needed fro production of procoag.

Question 12

Hemophilias

Answer 12

genetic bleeding disorder, lacking some factors of intrinsic pathways

12 or 9, A or B

Women can’t have it, only carry it or not at all
men can’t carry it, only have it ot not at all.

is sex linked

on X chromsonee,

women have 2, so if given bad X from mom, still has good X from dad, so they carry it but still healthy

men have 1 X, so if given bad X from mom, has hemophilia

Question 13

how does the body compensate by blood loss

Answer 13

vasoconstriction to dec blood vessel volume

inc rate of RBC production, erythropoises

Question 14

15% loss, more than 30% =

Answer 14

15-30 = weaknesss
more than 30 = induce shock

Question 15

when given whole blood transfusion

Answer 15

substantial blood loss or thrombocytopenia
or packed cells for anemia

Question 16

antibodies

Answer 16

a protein produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances found in the body when they shouldnt be

Question 17

antigen

what do RBC antigens do

Answer 17

ea molecule or substance, on surface of the blood cell, that triggers the immune system to produce the antibodies.

they promote agglunation

Question 18

why is type O the universal donor

Answer 18

bc it has no antigens, so the immune system of the recipient won’t attack the blood

the recipient’s immune system doesn’t recognize any foreign antigens to attack.

Question 19

why is AB the universal recepient

Answer 19

bc has no antibodies, nothing will be there to recoginize the foreign blood type, so immune system doesn’t attack

Question 20

most/least common type

Answer 20

most = O+
least = AB-

Question 21

Rh Blood groups

Answer 21

Rh + = have Rh antigen/D antigen
Rh - = don’t have Rh antigen

Question 22

heart
what
where
layers

Answer 22

is a transport system pump, w hollow vessels for delivery routes

where = enclosed w/in mediastinum
oblique/diagonal placement

layers = pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 23

pericardium

Answer 23

double walled, fibre-serous sac

a)fibrous pericardium
protects and anchors the heart, prevents overfilling

b)serous pericardium
parietal and visceral layers (epicardium)
and fluid filled pericardial cavity so can slide w/o friction

Question 24

myocardium

Answer 24

cardiac muscle, bulk of heart
connective tissue wrapping of bundles of muscle cells

CT wrapping
= provides support to vessels and valves
=directs spread of AP
=anchors muscle fibres

Question 25

endocardium

Answer 25

layers of endothelium + CT layer of inner myocardial surface continuous e endothelium of vessels leaving and entering the heart

Question 26

structure, components, grooves, compartments,

Answer 26

2 atria, 2 ventricles inter arterial septum = seperate 2 atriums inter ventricular septa = sep 2 ventricls ******don't want O2 rich/poor blood to mix**** coronary sulcus = atrioventricular groove = groove in bn A and V anterior-posterior interventricular sulcus = runs down the middle

Question 27

Atria

Answer 27

receiving chamber small, thin walled, no P, just convey blood to vent deox. blood enters R atrium via Sup. vena cava = head, neck, upper limbs, thorax inf. vena cava = abdomen, lower limbs, pelvis coronary sinus = from myocardium, from walls of heart oxygenated blood to L atrium from lungs via 4 pulmonary veins

Question 28

pectinate muscles

Answer 28

horizontal ridges esp in R atrium, muscle bundles

Question 29

foramen ovale

Answer 29

hole in fetal heart, bn L and R atrium

Question 30

fossa ovalis

Answer 30

indent on R atrium, remneant of foramen ovale

Question 31

ventricles which V to what and diff types of muscle bundles

Answer 31

the true pumps of the heart, walls much thicker, esp L V R V = O2 poor blood to pulmonary trunk, to lungs L V = O2 rich blood to aorta to rest of body trabecular carneae = bundles of muscle w CT wrapping papillary muscles = reach out to valve, keep closed and make sure they open in right direction and link to chord tendinae chordae tendinae = att valves to papillary mucles "heart strings"

Question 32

Valves

Answer 32

keep blood moving in a unidirectional flow chondrae tendinae and papillary muscles keep valves closed and open in the right direction

Question 33

atrioventricular valves

Answer 33

paired, bn atria and ventricles open down to V from A 1. tricuspid valves, R A to R V 2. Bicuspid /mitral = L A to L V

Question 34

Semilunar valves

Answer 34

paired from ventricles to pulmonary/systmeic circuits 1. pulmonary valve = RV to pulmonary trunk 2. aortic valve = LV to aorta

Question 35

valve problems

Answer 35

valvular insufficiency = valves don't close 100% , blood flows backwards, more workload on heart, pumps same amount of blood multiple times valvular stenosis = valves are stiff , don't open 100%, maybe 85%, asking heart to work harder bc of damage or calcification

Question 36

full pathwaty

Answer 36

blood goes from SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus fills up R A w O2 poor blood blood gets through tricuspid valve enters R V goes through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk to lungs pulmonary capillaries = site of gas exchange to heart by 4 pulmonary veins fill up L A w O2 rich blood goes through mitral valve (bicuspid valve) fills up L V goes through aortic semilunar value to aorta to body to systemic capillaries to body tissues = gas exchange O2 poor back to heart

Question 37

Pulmonary and systemic circuits

Answer 37

equal volume pumped into both circuits, but 2 ventricles have unequal workloads pulmonary (Right vent) = low pressure, short circulation systemic (Left vent) = high P, long circulation, 5X the resistance so walls of L V are thicker (X3)

Question 38

coronary circulation

Answer 38

shortest but most important circulation provides O2 to heart to keep pumping in coronary sulcus/atrioventicular groove = L and R coronary arteries, branch from aorta, encircle the heart gets blood when heart is relaxed bc when contracted, the vessel is closed shut

Question 39

many anastomes

Answer 39

alternate pathways if some vessels are blocked for nourishment if an artery begins to be occluded total occlusion = heart attack

Question 40

diseases of coronary vessels

Answer 40

angina pectoris literally chest pain vessels are narrow, so uncomfortable, as not enough O2 to heart muscles myocardial infraction vessels are completely blocked off = heart attack