Reproductive system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum

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2
Q

Epididymo-orchitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis and the testes

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3
Q

hydrocele

A

fluid-filled sac around the testes that causes swelling in the scrotum
common in new born leaves by 1st yr of life

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4
Q

varicocele

A

enlargement of the veins of the scrotum

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5
Q

CIS tumors of the penis (carcinoma in situ )

A

bowens disease
erythroplasia of queyrat (erythroplakia)
Bowenoid papulosis
leukoplakia

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6
Q

bowen disease?

A

cis occur in follicle bearing epithelium such as on the penile shaft

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7
Q

erythroplakia

A

cis occurring within the penile mucocutenous epithelium namely the glans and prepuce

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8
Q

bowenoid papulosis

A

resembles cis, seen in young males, behaves in a benign fashion
multiple slightly elevated papule that are red to violet in color

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9
Q

leukoplakia

A

rare condition
solitary or multiple white scaly
pre malignancy is the presence of dysplasia in 10-20 cases

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10
Q

malignant tumors of the penis are?

A

primary SCC- 95%

others: basal CC, capos sarcoma, urethral carcinoma and metastases.

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11
Q

clinical presentation of tumor of the penis

A

skin abnormality/palpable lesion on the penis
occurs at an avg age of 50+
uncommon in young males

common signs:
painless lump (25%)
ulcer (13%)
rash (6%)
bleeding (4%)
balanitis (4%)

inguinal lymphadenopathy is present in 30-60% at diagnosis

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12
Q

penile SCC subclassification

A
palpable lesion (48-65%)- low grade, nuclear 
atypical and graduated keratinization, well differentiated carcinoma.

papillary tumors (5-15%)- not associated with HPV

warty tumor (7-10%)- cauliflower like cancer associated with HPV

basaloid tumors (4-10%)- HPV related cancer that present as ulcerated irregular mass

verrucous tumor (3-8%)- low grade and associated with broad pushing border instead of infiltrative growth.

sarcomatous tumor (less than 1%)- deeply invasive ulcerated or rounded polypoid masses.

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13
Q

testicular tumor

A

germ cell tumor

sex cord stromal tumors

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14
Q

germ cell tumor (GCT)

A

seminomatous tumor: seminoma-30s-50%
spermocytic seminoma

nonseminomatous tumor (NSGCT)

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15
Q

Non seminomatous tumors

A
embryonal carcinoma
yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
choriocarcinoma
mixed GCT with teratoma-45%
teratoma
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16
Q

sex cord stromal tumor?

A

leydig cell tumor

sertoli cell tumors

17
Q

risk factors for testicular tumor

A

undescended testes (cryptorchidism)

genetic predisposition (isochrome of c12)

testicular dysgenesis: testicular feminisation

                                  klinefelters syndrome
18
Q

seminoma morphology

A
arise from germ cells
classical/typical seminoma: 
1. sheets of large uniform cells with clear cytoplasm, prominent nucleus with few mitosis
2. lymphocytic infiltration
3.fibrous septae

spermatocytic seminoma

  1. medium sized cells
  2. scattered giant cells
  3. cells resembling secondary spermatocytes
19
Q

features of seminomas

A
  • cut surface of tumor shows solid and gray white
  • indolent
  • –metastasizes to para arotic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes first
  • radiosensitive
  • –do not secrete biomarkers: HCG & AFP
  • –stains positive for PALP
20
Q

embryonal carcinoma

A
  • –ill defined invasive masses with hemorrhage and necrosis
  • cells with glandular & papillary patterns
  • –primitive glandular differentiation
  • most often causes mixed tumors i.e with choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor

—secretes alpha fetoprotein AFP

21
Q

yolk sac tumor

A
  • common in infants and children below 3
  • in adults they are mixed with GCT
  • –microscopic feature is presence of endodermal sinuses or schiller-duval bodies

—secretes AFP and alpha 1-antitrypsin globules

22
Q

choriocarcinoma

A

highly malignant
composed of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblasts

often small, detected as a palpable nodule
HGC is produced by snncytiotrophoblasts

23
Q

name the characteristics shared by NSGCT

A
cut surface is variegated with necrosis & hemorrhagic and cystic areas
spread very fast
early hematogenous spread
radioresistant
common produce tumor markers AFP,Hcg
24
Q

teratoma

A

—tumor arising fro totipotent germ cells
derived from all 3 germ layers
–mature teratoma show fully differentiated tissues like glands, squamous cels, keratin, skeletal tissue, fat, cartilage, muscle
–immature teratoma are composed of tissues which are primitive neuroectoderm

—all germ cells neoplasm are malignant except for teratoma in children which behaves benign

25
Q

which germ cell tumor is not malignnt

A

teratoma in children

26
Q

sex cord/srtomal tumor

A

arise from sex cord or gonadal stroma
leydig (stromal) & sertoli (sex cord)

the are usually benign

the secrete sex hormones which leads to feminization or masculinization

27
Q

sex cord/stromal tumors are malignant or benign ?

A

benign