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ER Week 4 > Reproductive System Development > Flashcards

Reproductive System Development Flashcards

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1
Q

WHen is genetic sex determined?

A

fertilization

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2
Q

When is phenotypic sex manifested?

A

about the 7th week of development

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3
Q

The SRY gene on the Y chromosomes is responsible for the production of what factor?

A

testis-determining factor

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4
Q

True or false: all you need for the development of ovaries is the lack of a y chromosome

A

false - the absence of a y chromosomes will result in ovary formation, but you need two x chromosomes in order to have complete ovarian development

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5
Q

Femaleness is not under hormonal influence, but estrogen is necessary for what?

A

feminization of the external genitalia

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6
Q

What is the most common abnormality of sexual differentiation?

A

Kleinfelter syndrome
47,XXY
1 in 850 births!

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7
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome usually due to?

A

non-dysfunction of the XX homologues

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8
Q

What is Klinefelter characterized by?

A 
infertility
gynecomastia
impaired sexual maturation
atrophic testes
small penis
lack of secondary male characteristics
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9
Q

What is Turner syndrome?

A

45, XO

failure of the gonads (ovaries) to develop and infantile genitalia due to the lack of paternal sex chromosome

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10
Q

What characterizes Turner syndrome?

A 
short stature
high arched palate
webbed neck
shield-like chest
inverted nipples
cardiac and renal anomalies
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11
Q

What is ovotesticular disorder?

A

Basically true hermaphrodites - 46,XX

they possess both testicular and ovarian tissue (ovotestis)

it’s extremely rare

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12
Q

Where do the gametes migrate from into the genital gonadal ridge?

A

the umbilical vesicle - yolk sac

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13
Q

Aoub thow many primordial germ cells will enter the genital ridge during the latter part of the 5th week of development?

A

1000-2000

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14
Q

The developing gonads consist of what three groups of cells?

A

mesothelium
mesenchyme
primordial germ cells

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15
Q

In the male, the primordial germ cells migrate into what?

A

the cortical cords

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16
Q

In the female, the primordial cortical cords break apart to form what?

A

the follicular cells that surround the oogonia

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17
Q

What stage of development are those oogonia currently undergoing?

A

mitosis

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18
Q

What do the cortical cords eventually form in the males?

A

seminiferous tubules and serve as precursors of the sustentacular cells of sertoli

also the tubuli recti (straight tubules) and rete testis

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19
Q

What will develop into the efferent ductules?

A

remember - the mesonephric ductules

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20
Q

What do the efferent ductules connect to in the developing fetus?

A

the mesonephric duct -the distal part of which becomes the epididymis

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21
Q

What do the interstitial cells of leydig develop from?

A

mesenchyme

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22
Q

Leydig cells involute after birth and reappear when?

A

at puberty

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23
Q

THe sustentacular cells of sertoli don’t mature during the fetal period, but what do they produce under the influence of hCG?

A

anti-mullerian hormone

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24
Q

What does the mullerian inhibitory substance do?

A

suppresses the development of the paramesopheric (mullerian) ducts, so inhibist the formation of female organs

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25
Q

The follicular cells and the oogonia together form what?

A

the primordial follicles

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26
Q

Under the influence of meiosis-stimulating factor, the oogonia will become what?

A

enter meiosis I and become stuck in prophase I to become primary oocytes

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27
Q

The indifferent sexual duct system consists of what?

A

mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

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28
Q

The caudal ends of the paramesopheric ducts fuse and terminate on what? What does this form?

A

the urogenital sinus - between the ends of the mesonephric ducts as the uterovaginal primordium

29
Q

In males, what happens to the paramesonephric duct?

A

they degenerate

30
Q

What two bits are left after the paramesonephric ducts ddegenerate?

A

prostatic utricle and appendix of the testis

31
Q

Tetosterone will cause the mesonephric ducts to form what?

A

epidydmis
ductus deferens
ejactulatory duct

32
Q

The seminal vesicles develop as outgrowths of what?

A

the ductus deferens (mesonephric duct)

33
Q

The part of the mesonephric duct between the duct of the seminal vesicle and the urethra becomes what?

A

the ejaculatory duct

34
Q

What does the prostate gland develop as an epithelial otugrowth of?

A

the pelvic portion of the urogenital sinus intot he surrounding mesenchyme

35
Q

What does that surrounding mesenchyme form?

A

the stroma and smooth muscle of the prostate gland

36
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands develop as epithelial outgrowhts of?

A

the spongy urethra (derived from the phalic portion of the urogenital sinus)

37
Q

In the female, the absence of the anti-mullerian hormone allows the paramesonephric ducts to develop into what?

A

the uterine tubes and uterus

also the upper 1/3 of the vagina and the cervix

38
Q

Where does development of the uterine tubes start?

A

develop from the cephalic, un-fused portions of the paramesonephric duct

39
Q

Where does development of hte uterus begin?

A

from the caudal fused potion of the paramesonephric ducts a the sinus tubercle.

40
Q

THe upper 1/3 of the vagina develops form the paranesonephric ducts. What about the lower 2/3?

A

urogenital sinus

41
Q

What is the female version of the bulbourethral glands?

A

the greater vestibular glands

42
Q

In females, the mesonephric ducts typically regress due to lack of testosterone, but a part may be found outside the uterus and vagina as what?

A

Gartner’s duct

43
Q

What is paramesonephric duct agenesis?

A

It’s complete or partial absence of the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina in females with 46,xx

you still get normal development of secondary sexual characteristics vecause the ovaries are intact

you have a normal ovarian cycle without a menstrual cycle

44
Q

What are some of the other odd variations of the uterus development?

A

double uterus (with double vagina or single vagina)
bicoruate uterus
septate uterus
unicoruate uterus

45
Q

How do the testes descend?

A

through differential growth

46
Q

What hormone is responsible for the testes movement through th einguinal canal into the scrotum?

A

testosterone

47
Q

What does the processus vaginalis become in the male?

A

the tunica vaginalis

48
Q

What does the gubernaculum becom ein the female?

A

ligament of the ovary and the round ligement of the uterus

49
Q

What is the term for an undescended teste if it’s in the correct path?

A

cryptorchidism

50
Q

What is the term for a testis that is located somewhere outside of the inguinal canal?

A

ectopic testis

51
Q

How does an indiret inguinal hernia occur congenitally?

A

the processus vaginalis fails to close and bowel can herniate trhoguh the deep inguinal ring

52
Q

What causes a hydrocele congenitally?

A

the tunica vaginalis has a potential space that can fill with fluid

53
Q

The genital tubercle at the cranial end of the cloacal membrane becomes what?

A

the phallus

54
Q

What are located on each side of the cloacal membrane at this point?

A

labioscrotal swelling and urogenital folds (urethral folds)

55
Q

What divides the cloacal membrane into a dorsal epithelial plug (the site of the anus) and a ventral urogenital membrane?

A

urorectal septum

56
Q

What will stimulate the phallus to enlarge and elongate into the penis?

A

testosterone

57
Q

What will fuse to form the spongy urethra in the male?

A

the urogenital folds (urethral folds)

58
Q

the line of fusion of the surface ectoderm on the vetnral surface - where the urogenital folds join – is called what?

A

the penile raphe

59
Q

What makes the end of the urethra in the male/

A

the ectodermal cord that grows in to form the glans and connect with spongy urethra

60
Q

What layer do the corpora cavernosa and ccorpus spongiosum develop from?

A

surrounding mesenchyme of the phallus

61
Q

Labioscrotal swellings form what in the male?

A

scrotum

62
Q

What is male pseudohermaphrodism caused by?

A

reduced masculine development ofthe genitalia - maybe due to inadequate amount of testosterone or mullerian inhibiting substance

63
Q

What is male pseudohermaphrodism characterized by?

A

microphallus
hypospadiasis
can have bifid scrota
may not have testes in the scrotum

64
Q

What is hypospadias due to?

A

failure of fusion of the urogenital folds (1 in 300)

also failure of the epithelial cord to join with the spongy urethra

65
Q

What is epispadias associated with?

A

issue with lateral folding - associated with exxtrophy of the bladder

66
Q

What does the phallus become in the feamel?

A

clitoris

67
Q

The urogenital folds do not fuse in the female, but form what?

A

the labia minora

68
Q

The labioscrotal swellings form what?

A

labia majora

ER Week 4 (15 decks)

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