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ER Week 4 > Female Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosomes does a primary oocyte have in a female?

A

46 - it’s tetraploid

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a secondary oocyte have?

A

23 - it’s still diploid until it finishes meiosis II

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3
Q

How many primary oocytes are made?

A

about 2 million

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4
Q

About how many secondary oocytes are made?

A

about 200,000

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5
Q

About how many secondary oocytes will actually ovulate in a lifetime?

A

400

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6
Q

Where does the primary oocyte halt in the cell cycle/

A

meiosis 1 - stops in prophase

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7
Q

When is meiosis 1 completed?

A

in response to the LH surge prior to ovulation

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8
Q

Where in the cell cycle does the secondary oocyte halt?

A

metaphase II

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9
Q

When does meiosis II complete?

A

when the egg is fertilized

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10
Q

What is the term for the growth and progression of primordial follicles to preovulatory follicles?

A

folliculogenesis

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11
Q

What happens when primordial and primary follicles are exhausted?

A

menopause

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12
Q

During each cycle, about how many primary follicles are recruited to complete meiosis 1?

A

usually less than or equal to 7, but only one will usually become the ovulatory follicle

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13
Q

What does cyclic recruitment refer to?

A

the antral follicles that started developing along with the dominant follicle - they’re are rescued from atresia by FSH so that they continue developing during subsequent cycles

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14
Q

Describe the dominant follicle

A

it’s the largest one - produces the most hormones. it will become the ovulatory or graafian follicle

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15
Q

About how many menstrual cycles does it take for a follicle to fully mature?

A

about three

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16
Q

___ GnRH pulses result in the FSH and LH basal secretion.

A

hourly

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17
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A
  1. follicle development

2. LH receptor synthesis

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18
Q

FSH and LH both promote synthesis of what other hormone?

A

estrogen

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19
Q

How does estrogen feed back?

A

negatively on both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

thus, makes FSH and LH secretion reduced

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20
Q

What other hormone will inhibit FSH secretion, but has no effect on LH secretion? Why is that important?

A

inhibin

important because you need a giant LH surge. FSH will also elevate, but it’s attenuated due to this inhibin. Because if you were to start a pregnancy, you wouldn’t want FSH triggering another follicle.

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21
Q

When does the feedback relationship between estrogen and secretion from the hypothalmus/anterior pituitary gland reverse?

A

when the antral follicles are large, really high levels of estrogen induce rapid GnRH pulses and the ovulatory surge in LH

(so in that case, estrogen is not inhibiting LH secretion, it’s promoting it)

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22
Q

What hormone is released by the hypohtalamus int his axis?

A

GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormoine

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23
Q

What hormones does the anteiro rpituitary secrete?

A

FSH and LH

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24
Q

What ovarian cells secrete the androgens? Under what hormone influence?

A

the theca cells

under inluence from LH

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25
What do the granulosa cells do to these androgens? Under what hormone influences?
produces aromatase which will convert the androgens to estrogens under FSH
26
what estrogen is largely the one produced by that aromatase reaction?
estradiol 17 beta
27
Where in the hypothalmus is GnRH made?
arcuate nucleus
28
Describe the receptor for GnRH?
membrane GPCR couple to Gq the Gq activates phospholipase C, DAG, and IP3
29
What are the three gondadotropins/ Which one is placental?
FSH and LH from anterior pituitary | hCG from placenta
30
When is hCG important?
in the first trimester, it maintains the corpus luteum, which keeps progesterone and estrogen levels high to maintain pregnancy
31
Why does hCG decrease in later pregnancy?
the placenta will take over steroidogensis at that point
32
What type of molecules are the FSH and LH and hCG hormones?
glycoproteins consisting of two subunits - similar to TSH alpha subunit is identical in all, but beta subunit is unique
33
Describe the receptors for the gonadotropins?
transmembrane receptors that are Gs protein coupled
34
Which receptor - FSH receptor or LH receptor - will also bind hCG?
LH receptor - the LHCGR
35
So what cells in the follicle will have LHR?
tehcal cells
36
What cells in the follicle will have FSHr?
Granulosa cells
37
What are the two estrogen receptors? which one mediates the HPO axis?
ERalpha ERbeta ERalpha is the main one for this axis and reproduction
38
E2 is what binds ERalpha. Does it usualy do this on the surface or in the cytoplasm?
does both, but mostly in the cytoplasm - remember it's a steroid hormone
39
Small increases in the secretion of the gonadotropins will lead to what?
follicular growth and an increase in synthesis of secretory and ovarian steroid hormones this is the follicular phase
40
What happens to extrogen and progesterone in the follicular phase?
estrogen levels are higher than progesteron, and they go up waaaay up prior to ovulation - remember this is what stimulates the LH surge
41
WHat happens to estrogen immediatly after ovulation?
decrease, but then go back up with luteal development
42
During early to mid-luteal phase, the high levels of estrogen, progesterona nd inhibin from the CL will do what to the HPO axis?
inhibit release of GnRH, TSH and LH
43
In the late luteal phase, the CL undergoes regression, so estrogen and progsteron levels decrease, which stimualtes what?
menstruation and FSH and LH will trigger the next follicular phase
44
What two phases of the uterine cycle occur during the follicular phase?
menses and proliferative phase
45
What phase of ht euterine cycle occurs during the luteal phase?
secretory phase (prep for a pregnancy)
46
Prevention of the LH surge will prevent what?
ovulation
47
What marks the first day of the ovarian/uterine cycle?
onset of menses
48
Ovulation typically occurs on what day?
day 14
49
What does estrogen trigger in the endometrium during follicular phase
thickening and proliferation - develop from cuboidal to speudostratiied stromal and vessel growth uterine lining increases tenfold
50
What does progesterone do to the endometrium?
halts further growth causes secretion from glands as opposed to proliferation
51
With ovulation, you have movement of egg into the fallopian tube. Where in the tube does fertilizaiton usually occur?
in the ampulla
52
the embryo implants at what stage? at what day?
balstocyst - usually day 6 (but between 5 -9)
53
What are the hormones created by the palcenta?
progesteron estradiol 17b human placental lactogen inhigin
54
hCG maintains the corpus luteum until about what month?
3-4
55
Urinary hCG can be used as a pregnancy indicator about how many days post ovulation?
10 days - accuracy best at 1 week past the first day of expected period
56
THe transition between uterine dependence on ovarian versus placental steroids marks what interval
the interval with the greatest likelihood of miscarriage
57
Teleologically, why do you want progesteron>estrogen for the first half of pregnancy?
progesterone causes hyperpolarizaitn of myometrial cells to prevent contractions by: 1. decreasing adrenergic receptors 2. inhibiting oxytocin receptor synthesis 3. inhibit Estrogen receptor synthesis 4. promotes storage of PG synthesizing enzymes so you don't get synthesis (prostaglandins also trigger contractions)
58
Teleologically, why would you want estrogen>prostaglandins in later pregnancy?
estrogen increases oxytocin receptors, promtoes uterine contractility, cervical ripening, increases local prostaglandin release from the placenta which causes myometrial contraction
59
What two progstalgnainds predominate in reproduction?
PGF2alpha | PGE
60
What two things are the prostaglandins involved in for the regular menstrual cycle?
1. rupture of graafian follicle at ovulatoin | 2. contraction of myometrium during menstruation
61
What else will the prostaglandins do during pregnancy?
braxton hicks | strong utering contractions during parturition
62
What secretes oxytocin?
posterior pitutiay
63
What does oxytocin stimualte?
smooth muscle contraction in the uterus and breasth
64
Does oxytocin have positiev or negative autoregulation within the hypothalamsu?
positive
65
What causes OT release at the end of gestation?
mechanical stimulation of the cervix | forceful uterine contractions during parturition
66
What hormones is mamogenesis dependent on?
estrogen, glucocorticoids, andsomatotropin will cause development of the epithleial ductal tree (during puberty) also progesterone and prolactin to get lobular alveolar growth
67
During pregnancy, you get lactogenesis I. what happens?
lobular-alveolar growth - preparation for lactation
68
What happens in lactogenesis II?
post-partum onset of copious milk secretion (which comes with the fall of progesterone after parturition)
69
What hormone is lactogenesis II dependent on?
prolactin
70
What's the term for maintenence of lactation?
galactopoiesis
71
What hormone is necessary for milk ejection or let-down?
oxytocin
72
What will cause involution of lactation?
lack of prolactin | due to lack of suckling

ER Week 4 (15 decks)

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