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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Reproductive System

A
  • Production of gametes
  • Fertilization
  • Development and nourishment of a new individual
  • Production of reproductive organs
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2
Q

The testes in males & ovaries in females produce

A

gametes, or sex cells

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3
Q

formation of gametes in males and females occurs by a type of cell division called _______ and occurs only in testis and ovary

A

meiosis

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4
Q

a process were chromosomes align as pairs

A

synapsis

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5
Q

the event that allows the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes

A

crossing over

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6
Q

first meiotic division is called ______

A

reduction division

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7
Q

saclike structure containing the testes

A

scrotum

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8
Q

layer of smooth muscle beneath the skin of the scrotum

A

dartos muscle

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9
Q

extensions of abdominal muscles enter the scrotum

A

cremaster muscles

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10
Q

oval organs within the scrotum, each about 4-5cm long

A

testes

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11
Q

extensions of the capsule project into the interior of the testis and divides each testis

A

250 cone-shaped lobules

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12
Q

site of sperm cell development

A

seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

endocrine cells that secretes testosterone, located outside the seminiferous tubules

A

interstitial cells or Leydig cells

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14
Q

they nourish the germ cells and produce a number of hormones

A

sustentacular cells or sertoli cells

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15
Q

formation of sperm cells

A

spermatogenesis

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16
Q

most peripheral sperm cells (undeveloped sperm cells), which divide through mitosis

A

spermatogonia

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17
Q

divide by meiosis and become sperm cells, contains 46 chromosomes each consisting of 2 chromatids

A

primary spermatocytes

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18
Q

produce by 1st meiotic division

A

secondary spermatocytes

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19
Q

produce by 2nd meiotic division

A

spermatids

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20
Q

spermatids develop a head, midpiece and flagellum (tail) to become a ______

A

sperm cell or spermatozoon

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21
Q

contains enzymes that are released during fertilization necessary for the sperm call to penetrate the oocyte or egg cell

A

acrosome

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22
Q

a tubular network were seminiferous tubules converge

A

rete testis

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23
Q

carry sperm cells from testis to epididymis

A

efferent ductules

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24
Q

tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules (coma-shaped structure) were sperm cells continue to mature

A

epididymis

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25
Q

final changes in sperm cells that occurs after ejaculation and prior to fertilization

A

capacitation

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26
Q

from epididymis and ascends along the posterior side of the testis to become associated with the blood vessels and nerves about 45 cm

A

ductus deferens or vas deferens

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27
Q

a ductus deferens that increase in diameter

A

ampulla of the ductus deferens

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28
Q

sac-shaped gland near the ampulla of each ductus deferens

A

seminal vesicle

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29
Q

extends into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra within the prostrate gland

A

ejaculatory duct

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30
Q

extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis

A

urethra

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31
Q

3 parts of the urethra

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy urethra
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32
Q

urethra that passes through the prostrate gland

A

prostatic urethra

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33
Q

urethra that passes through the floor of the pelvis and surrounded by the external urinary sphincter

A

membranous urethra

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34
Q

extends the length of the penis and opens at its end

A

spongy urethra

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35
Q

male organ of copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from male to the female

A

penis

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36
Q

engorgement of erectile tissue with blood

A

erection

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37
Q

two columns of erectile tissue from the dorsal portion and the sides of the penis are called _____

A

corpora cavernosa

38
Q

smaller erectile column occupies the ventral portion of the penis

A

corpus spongiosum

39
Q

distal end of the penis that form a cap

A

glans penis

40
Q

loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis

A

prepuce or foreskin

41
Q

consists of both glandular and muscular tissue about the size and shape of a walnut, cells lining the partitions secrete prostatic fluid

A

prostate gland

42
Q

pair of small mucus-secreting glands located near the base of the penis

A

bulbourethral glands or cowper glands

43
Q

a mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands

A

semen

44
Q

thick mucus-like secretion substances include:

A
  • fructose -nourish sperm cells
  • coagulation proteins -help thicken the semen
  • enzymes -destroy abnormal sperm cells
  • prostaglandins -stimulate smooth muscle contractions of the female reproductive tract to propel sperm cells through the tract
45
Q

released from neurons in the hypothalamus and passes to the anterior pituitary gland and causes cells to secrete 2 hormones

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

46
Q

stimulates testosterone secretion from the interstitial cells

A

luteinizing hormone or LH

47
Q

stimulates sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis and to secret inhibin

A

follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

48
Q

sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult

A

puberty

49
Q

influences reproductive organs and cause enlargement and differentiation of the male genitals during puberty and secondary sexual characteristics

A

testosterone

50
Q

movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra

A

emission

51
Q

forceful expulsion of the secretions that have accumulated in the urethra to the exterior

A

ejaculation

52
Q

intense sensation interpreted as pleasurable

A

orgasm or climax

53
Q

occurs after ejaculation, penis becomes flaccid

A

resolution

54
Q

reduced or diminished fertility

A

infertility

55
Q

female reproductive organ

A

ovaries

56
Q

outer part of the ovary is contains ______

A

ovarian follicles

57
Q

female sex cell

A

oocyte

58
Q

during first meiotic division at prophase I

A

primary oocyte

59
Q

release of an oocyte from an ovary

A

ovulation

60
Q

after completing first meiotic division

A

secondary oocyte

61
Q

begins when a sperm cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte

A

fertilization

62
Q

formed by 23 chromosomes from sperm join with the 23 female gamete

A

zygote

63
Q

gives rise to oocyte

A

oogonia

64
Q

several layers of granulosa cells form and layer of clear material called the ______

A

zona pellucida

65
Q

hormone secreted by the placenta

A

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)

66
Q

extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus, receive secondary oocyte

A

uterine tube, fallopian tube, oviduct

67
Q

opening of each uterine tube surrounded by long thin processes called _______

A

fimbriae

68
Q

where fertilization usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary

A

ampulla

69
Q

medium-sized pear

A

uterus

70
Q

part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

A

fundus

71
Q

main part of the uterus

A

body

72
Q

narrow part of the uterus

A

cervix

73
Q

opens into the vagina

A

cervical canal

74
Q

3 layers of uterine wall

A
  • perimetrium -visceral
  • myometrium -muscular
  • endometrium -innermost layer
75
Q

female organ of copulation; receives penis during intercourse

A

vagina

76
Q

vaginal opening covered by a thin mucous membrane

A

hymen

77
Q

external female genitalia

A

vulva or pudendum

78
Q

space into which the vagina and the urethra open

A

vestibule

79
Q

pair of thin longitudinal skin folds

A

labia minora

80
Q

small erectile structure, anterior margin of the vestibule

A

clitoris

81
Q

2 labia minora unite over the clitoris to form a fold skin called the _________

A

prepuce

82
Q

2 prominent rounded folds of skin

A

labia majora

83
Q

2 labia majora unite anteriorly at an elevation of tissue over the pubic symphisis called the _________

A

mons pubis

84
Q

space between labia majora

A

pudendal cleft

85
Q

region between the vagina and anus

A

clinical perinuem

86
Q

organs of milk production

A

mammary glands

87
Q

circular pigmented area called the _____

A

areola

88
Q

series of changes that occur in sexually mature nonpregnant females that result in menses

A

menstrual cycle

89
Q

period of mild hemorrhage during a part of endothelium is sloughed and expelled from the uterus

A

menses

90
Q

between the end of menses and ovulation, refers to proliferation of the endometrium

A

proliferative phase

91
Q

cessation of menstrual cycle

A

menopause

92
Q

Control of pregnancy:

A
  • behavioral methods are effective only when used consistently
  • barrier methods prevent contact between sperm cell and oocyte
  • chemical methods prevent oocyte ovulation
  • surgical methods are typically permanent

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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