Reproductive System Flashcards
Functions of the Reproductive System
- Production of gametes
- Fertilization
- Development and nourishment of a new individual
- Production of reproductive organs
The testes in males & ovaries in females produce
gametes, or sex cells
formation of gametes in males and females occurs by a type of cell division called _______ and occurs only in testis and ovary
meiosis
a process were chromosomes align as pairs
synapsis
the event that allows the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes
crossing over
first meiotic division is called ______
reduction division
saclike structure containing the testes
scrotum
layer of smooth muscle beneath the skin of the scrotum
dartos muscle
extensions of abdominal muscles enter the scrotum
cremaster muscles
oval organs within the scrotum, each about 4-5cm long
testes
extensions of the capsule project into the interior of the testis and divides each testis
250 cone-shaped lobules
site of sperm cell development
seminiferous tubules
endocrine cells that secretes testosterone, located outside the seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells or Leydig cells
they nourish the germ cells and produce a number of hormones
sustentacular cells or sertoli cells
formation of sperm cells
spermatogenesis
most peripheral sperm cells (undeveloped sperm cells), which divide through mitosis
spermatogonia
divide by meiosis and become sperm cells, contains 46 chromosomes each consisting of 2 chromatids
primary spermatocytes
produce by 1st meiotic division
secondary spermatocytes
produce by 2nd meiotic division
spermatids
spermatids develop a head, midpiece and flagellum (tail) to become a ______
sperm cell or spermatozoon
contains enzymes that are released during fertilization necessary for the sperm call to penetrate the oocyte or egg cell
acrosome
a tubular network were seminiferous tubules converge
rete testis
carry sperm cells from testis to epididymis
efferent ductules
tightly coiled series of threadlike tubules (coma-shaped structure) were sperm cells continue to mature
epididymis
final changes in sperm cells that occurs after ejaculation and prior to fertilization
capacitation
from epididymis and ascends along the posterior side of the testis to become associated with the blood vessels and nerves about 45 cm
ductus deferens or vas deferens
a ductus deferens that increase in diameter
ampulla of the ductus deferens
sac-shaped gland near the ampulla of each ductus deferens
seminal vesicle
extends into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra within the prostrate gland
ejaculatory duct
extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis
urethra
3 parts of the urethra
- prostatic urethra
- membranous urethra
- spongy urethra
urethra that passes through the prostrate gland
prostatic urethra
urethra that passes through the floor of the pelvis and surrounded by the external urinary sphincter
membranous urethra
extends the length of the penis and opens at its end
spongy urethra
male organ of copulation and functions in the transfer of sperm cells from male to the female
penis
engorgement of erectile tissue with blood
erection
two columns of erectile tissue from the dorsal portion and the sides of the penis are called _____
corpora cavernosa
smaller erectile column occupies the ventral portion of the penis
corpus spongiosum
distal end of the penis that form a cap
glans penis
loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis
prepuce or foreskin
consists of both glandular and muscular tissue about the size and shape of a walnut, cells lining the partitions secrete prostatic fluid
prostate gland
pair of small mucus-secreting glands located near the base of the penis
bulbourethral glands or cowper glands
a mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the male reproductive glands
semen
thick mucus-like secretion substances include:
- fructose -nourish sperm cells
- coagulation proteins -help thicken the semen
- enzymes -destroy abnormal sperm cells
- prostaglandins -stimulate smooth muscle contractions of the female reproductive tract to propel sperm cells through the tract
released from neurons in the hypothalamus and passes to the anterior pituitary gland and causes cells to secrete 2 hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
stimulates testosterone secretion from the interstitial cells
luteinizing hormone or LH
stimulates sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to increase spermatogenesis and to secret inhibin
follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
sequence of events by which a child is transformed into a young adult
puberty
influences reproductive organs and cause enlargement and differentiation of the male genitals during puberty and secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra
emission
forceful expulsion of the secretions that have accumulated in the urethra to the exterior
ejaculation
intense sensation interpreted as pleasurable
orgasm or climax
occurs after ejaculation, penis becomes flaccid
resolution
reduced or diminished fertility
infertility
female reproductive organ
ovaries
outer part of the ovary is contains ______
ovarian follicles
female sex cell
oocyte
during first meiotic division at prophase I
primary oocyte
release of an oocyte from an ovary
ovulation
after completing first meiotic division
secondary oocyte
begins when a sperm cell penetrates the cytoplasm of a secondary oocyte
fertilization
formed by 23 chromosomes from sperm join with the 23 female gamete
zygote
gives rise to oocyte
oogonia
several layers of granulosa cells form and layer of clear material called the ______
zona pellucida
hormone secreted by the placenta
human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)
extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus, receive secondary oocyte
uterine tube, fallopian tube, oviduct
opening of each uterine tube surrounded by long thin processes called _______
fimbriae
where fertilization usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary
ampulla
medium-sized pear
uterus
part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes
fundus
main part of the uterus
body
narrow part of the uterus
cervix
opens into the vagina
cervical canal
3 layers of uterine wall
- perimetrium -visceral
- myometrium -muscular
- endometrium -innermost layer
female organ of copulation; receives penis during intercourse
vagina
vaginal opening covered by a thin mucous membrane
hymen
external female genitalia
vulva or pudendum
space into which the vagina and the urethra open
vestibule
pair of thin longitudinal skin folds
labia minora
small erectile structure, anterior margin of the vestibule
clitoris
2 labia minora unite over the clitoris to form a fold skin called the _________
prepuce
2 prominent rounded folds of skin
labia majora
2 labia majora unite anteriorly at an elevation of tissue over the pubic symphisis called the _________
mons pubis
space between labia majora
pudendal cleft
region between the vagina and anus
clinical perinuem
organs of milk production
mammary glands
circular pigmented area called the _____
areola
series of changes that occur in sexually mature nonpregnant females that result in menses
menstrual cycle
period of mild hemorrhage during a part of endothelium is sloughed and expelled from the uterus
menses
between the end of menses and ovulation, refers to proliferation of the endometrium
proliferative phase
cessation of menstrual cycle
menopause
Control of pregnancy:
- behavioral methods are effective only when used consistently
- barrier methods prevent contact between sperm cell and oocyte
- chemical methods prevent oocyte ovulation
- surgical methods are typically permanent
