REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards by Marianne Patricia

Formation of three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Each will give rise to specific tissues and organs

GASTRULATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the Stages of Animal Development?

Gametogenesis
Fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation 
Organogenesis
Differentiation and Growth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the Germ Layers?

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nervous system (brain and spinal cord) , epidermis, sense organs

ECTODERM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscles, bones, cartilage, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive organs

MESODERM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Digestive and respiratory orgy, endocrine glands, germ cells and gametes

ENDODERM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Occurs in fallopian tube; results in a unicellular zygote

FERTILIZATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Also takes place in fallopian tube after fertilization

CLEAVAGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attachment of blastocysts to endometrium of uterus; start of pregnancy

IMPLANTATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Involves formation of sex cells, zygote formation, subsequent stages in one’s life span
is terminated by death

DEVELOPMENT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When a cell has only half the chromosome number or only one set of chromosomes

HAPLOID (n)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When a cell has full chromosome number or two sets of chromosomes

DIPLOID (2n)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A cell that is capable of differentiating to become any kind of cell

TOTIPOTENT CELL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage development that results in unicellular diploid zygote

FERTILIZATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage development that yeilds haploid gametes

GAMETOGENESIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage development involving series of mitotic divisions to produce a multicellular blastula from a unicellular zygote

CLEAVAGE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage development involving morphogenetic movement of the cells to produce a gastrula with distinct germ cell layers; in vertebrates, this will result in three layers: the outermost ectoderm; the inner ectoderm; and the middle layer, the mesoderm

GASTRULATION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage development where the different germ layers differentitate into specific organ systems

ORGANOGENESIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Stage development characterized by an increase in size of an individual

GROWTH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Also known as Identical Twins; results from the union of a sperm and an egg to form a single zygote that splits up during the first cleavage

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Also known as Fraternal Twins; results from development of two or more seperate fertilization events where the resulting zygotes develop almost simultaneously

DIZYGOTIC TWINS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where sperms reproduce

TESTIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where sperms are temporarily stored

EPIDIDYMIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Supports the testis and epididymis

SCROTAL SAC/ SCROTUM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where the sperm passes through from the testis before the urethra

VAS DEFERENS

Connected to the urethra and the urinary bladder; serves as passage way of both sperm and urine and terminates in the external urinary meatus of the penis

URETHRA

Secretes fluid thats forms part of the semen; secretion gives the semen its alkaline characteristic to counter act the acidity of the vaginal tract and therefore protect the sperm; the fluid also contains sugar like fructose

SEMINAL VESICLE

Secretes fluid that also provides alkalinity to the semen; it also contains proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, phosphatases, and lipids

PROSTATE GLAND

Paired glands that produce clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate that helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm and through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in urethra, and helps flush out anu residual urine or foreign matter

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

What happen when you pre-ejaculate?

Lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matters

The hemologue(equivalent) of penis in females

CLITORIS

Main entrance to the female reproductive tract; receives the penis during sexual intercourse

VAGINA

Where the vagina ends; projection of the uterus into the vagina; leads to uterus

CERVIX

Also known as the womb; where the embryo develops; with thick muscular walls, blood vessels; and the endometrial lining

UTERUS

Innermost lining of the uterus where the embryo implants and develop

ENDOMETRIAL LINING/ ENDOMETRIUM

Also known as the oviducts; paired tubes that are connected to the uterus and terminate near the ovaries; this is where fertilization takes place

FALLOPIAN TUBE

Female gonads that release the oocytes during ovulation which are then caught by the fimbrae of the fallopian tube in order for the oocytes to pass on to the fallopian tubes

OVARIES

Human blastula made up of solid ball of cells

MORULA

A human blastula composed of inner cell mass, which becomes the embryo, and the trophoectoderm, which become the placent

BLASTOCYST

Process where the blastocyst implants itself in the endometrium; this signals the start of pregnancy

IMPLANTATION

Carrying the embryo inside the female reproductive tract, specifically the uterus; can last up to 9 months in humans

GESTATION

Corresponds to the first two months of gestation

HUMAN EMBRYO

Corresponds to the months 3-9 in human gestation

HUMAN FETUS

Part of menstrual cycle of the ovary in humans where the follicles begin to mature; it is marked by the secretions of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSM) and the leutinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary gland and the estrogen by the ovaries. Bothe FSM and LH stimulate the maturation of oocytes while estrogen stimulates lining growth in the preparation for implantation of the embryo

FOLLICULAR PHASE

What stimulate the maturation of the oocytes?

BOTH FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSM) AND LEUTINIZING HORMONE (LH)

What stimulates the uterine lining growth in preparation for implantation of the embryo?

ESTROGEN

What are the Germ Layers?

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

Nervous system (brain and spinal cord) , epidermis, sense organs

ECTODERM

Muscles, bones, cartilage, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive organs

MESODERM

Digestive and respiratory orgy, endocrine glands, germ cells and gametes

ENDODERM

Part of the menstrual cylce of the ovary after the oocytes are released from the follicles; the remains of the follicle become the corpus lutuem, which then secretes progesterone which stimulates the uterus to undergo final maturational changes that prepare it for gestation to house and nourish embryo

LUTEAL PHASE

- Part of the menstrual cycle of the uterus; also known as the “period” - corresponds to the early part of the follicular phase of the ovaries (days 1-5) when endometrium degenerates and sloughs off, producing the menstrual discharge

MENSTRUAL PHASE

- part of the menstrual cycle of the uterus - corresponds to the latter part of the follicular phase of the ovaries (DAYS 8-4) when the endomentrium heals and begins to thicken as a consequence of estrogen secretion

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE

- part of the menstrual cycle - corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovaries - the endometrium undergoes final changes before it recieves the embryo during implantation

SECRETORY PHASE

Process that blocks any one of the stages of reproduction in humans

CONTRACEPTION

What are the stages in human reproduction?

1. Release and transport of the gametes 2. Fertilization 3. Implantation 4. Actual Completion of development of the embryo/fetus

- suppresing methods | - type of contraception that prevents the oocyte to mature

OVULATION

Type of contraception taken in by the women to prevent them from ovulating

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Type of contraception that prevents fertilization

BARRIER METHODS

Type of barrier method that is inserted on the male penis to prevent release of sperm into the female reproductive tract

CONDOM

Type of barrier method that blocks the cervix, thereby preventing the passage of the sperm into the uterus

DIAPHRAGM

Type of barrier method that covers cervix and blocks passage of sperm into the uterus

CERVICAL CAP

Type of barrier method that kills the sperm on contact; they are placed inside the vaginal canal

SPERMICIDAL JELLY OR FOAM

A special type of contraception preventing fertilization that involves surgery

SURGICAL METHODS

Type of surgical methods for men; entails cutting the vas deferens

VASECTOMY

Type of surgical methods for women; entails cutting the fallopian tubes

TUBAL LIGATION

- Suppressing methods | - type of contraception that prevents the blastocyst from being implanted in the endometrium

IMPLANTATION

- suppressing method | - type of implantation that physically blocks the blastocyst from implanting into the endometrium

INTRA-UTERINE DEVISE (IUD)

- type of implantation | - suppresing methods that blocks the action of hormones that prepare the uterus to recieve the embryo

MORNING-AFTER PILL

Type of contraception that involves the deliberate removal of the embryo/fetus before it completes gestation

ABORTION

Type of contraception that requires the man to remove the penis before the ejaculation

COITUS INTERRUPTUS

Type of contraception where the man and the woman do not engage in sexual intercourse

ABSTINENCE

What becomes the placent?

TROPHOECTODERM

What secretes progesterone?

CORPUS LUTEUM

What stimulates the uterus to undergo final maturational changes that prepare it for gestation to house and nourish an embryo

PROGESTERONE

What secretes the follicle-stumulating hormones and luteal hormone?

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND