Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physical Health Sciences > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the testes and what is their function?

A
  1. Interstitial cells - produce androgens
  2. Sertoli cells - aid spermatogenesis
  3. Spermatogonia - differentiate into sperm for reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are male gametes produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where do the male gametes go during ejaculation?

A

They are released into the epididymis which then joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are the testes adapted to maintain a constant temperature?

A
  • Temp maintained by scrotum
  • High temp negatively affects spermatogenesis
  • Smooth muscles of the scrotum contract and relax to move the testicles closer/further away from the abdomen
  • Must be kept at a temp lower than core temp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are male gametes stored and matured?

A

Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Epididymis
  2. Vas (ductus) deferens
  3. Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 functions of testosterone?

A
  1. Stimulates adolescent growth spurt
  2. Development of reproductive organs
  3. Underlies sex drive
  4. Development of secondary sex characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are male germ cells called and where are they produced?

A
  • Spermatogonia (diploid)

- Produced in germinal epithelium which lines the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of the 3 main parts of the male gamete?

A
  1. Acrosome - allows sperm to penetrate follicle cell capsule and oocyte membrane
  2. Flagella - aids mobility
  3. Midpiece - contains mitochondria to provide energy for mobility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the mons pubis and where is it located?

A

Area of fatty tissue above the symphysis pubis, which is an oval piece of cartilage between the pubic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which two parts of the female genitalia are covered in pubic hair?

A

Mons pubis and labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the vestibule and what are its components?

A
  • Contained within the labia majora

- Consists of the urethral orifice, vaginal orifice, clitoris and greater vestibular gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the clitoris

A
  • Homologous to the male penis

- Made up of sensitive erectile tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the external genitalia often referred to as?

A

Vulva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the greater vestibular gland?

A

Produce mucus to lubricate the vagina during sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the duct system include?

A

Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long does an oocyte take to reach the uterus?

A

3-4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Uterine (fallopian) tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the oocyte enter the fallopian tube?

A

When ovulation occurs, fluid currents carry the oocyte along which are created by undulating fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Perimetrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What holds the uterus in place?

A

The uterosacral and round ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which layer of the uterus does the zygote implant in?

A

Endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the myometrium

A
  • Smooth muscle

- Responsible for rhythmic contractions of labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the other name for the perimetrium and what is it’s function?

A
  • Visceral peritoneum

- Protects the uterus from rubbing against other structures in the pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the vagina

A
  • A thin-walled tube
  • Walls consist of elastic muscle fibres called rugae
  • Enables it to stretch to accommodate the penis during intercourse and the baby during birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the vagina?

A
  1. Provides a passageway for childbirth and menstrual flow

2. Receives penis during sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the hymen?

A
  • A thin fold of vascular skin which partially closes the vagina
  • Usually ruptures during the first episode of sexual intercourse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What exocrine and endocrine products do the ovaries produce?

A 
Exocrine = ova
Endocrine = oestrogen and progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe the maturation of ovarian follicles

A
  • Ovarian follicles contain an immature oocyte
  • Oocyte grows and matures and a fluid filled area (antrum) develops; this is called a Graafian follicle
  • When ovulation occurs, the ruptured follicle develops into a corpus luteum which releases progesterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 2 gonadotrophic hormones involved in puberty?

A

FSH and LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the initiation of sperm production

A
  • GnRH released from hypothalamus in brain
  • FSH released from anterior pituitary gland
  • Seminiferous tubules start producing sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is LH released from and what does it cause?

A
  • Anterior pituitary gland

- Causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give 3 of the main secondary sex characteristics in males

A
  1. Larynx enlarges (voice deepens)
  2. Hair growth
  3. Skeletal muscle and bone weight increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 4 hormones involved in spermatogenesis?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH and testosterone

35
Q

What effect does FSH have on the female reproductive system?

A
  • Causes growth of primary follicles
  • Follicle cells then release oestrogen in ovaries
  • This causes the release of LH
36
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics in females?

A
  • Enlargement of accessory reproductive organs
  • Development of breasts
  • Appearance of axillary and pubic hair
  • Increased fat deposits (hips and breasts)
  • Widening and lightening of pelvis
  • Onset of menses (menstrual cycle)
37
Q

What are the accessory reproductive organs in females?

A
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
38
Q

What is the name for the first period that a female gets?

A

Menarche

39
Q

What 5 hormones are involved in oogenesis?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone

40
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal Phase
41
Q

What occurs in the follicular phase?

A
  • Release of FSH and growth of primary follicles
  • Oestrogen released
  • As oestrogen increases, FSH decreases
  • 1st meiotic division
42
Q

What occurs in ovulation?

A
  • Critical level of oestrogen = LH released

- 2nd meiotic division (halted at metaphase II)

43
Q

What occurs in the luteal phase?

A
  • LH forms corpus luteum which secretes oestrogen and progesterone
  • Progesterone and oestrogen cancel out FSH and LH
44
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual phase
  2. Proliferative phase
  3. Secretory phase
45
Q

What occurs in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Functional layer of endometrium shed

- Oestrogen and progesterone low = FSH increases

46
Q

What occurs in the proliferative phase?

A
  • Oestrogen repairs functional endometrium
  • Blood supply to endometrium increases
  • Glands formed in spongy tissue
47
Q

What occurs in the secretory phase?

A
  • Corpus luteum secretes oestrogen and progesterone
  • Blood supply increases
  • Nutrients released to support the embryo
  • FSH and LH no longer released
  • Corpus luteum degenerates
  • Cell death of functional endometrial layer
48
Q

What are Interphase and Prophase I otherwise known as?

A

Foetal period

49
Q

What occurs in Interphase I?

A

Primordial primitive germ cells differentiate into diploid oogonia and duplicate mitotically

50
Q

What occurs in Prophase I?

A
  • Homologous pairs
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Crossing over occurs
51
Q

What occurs in Metaphase I?

A
  • Spindles attach to homologous pairs

- Random assortment

52
Q

What occurs in Anaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs are pulled apart but chromatids remain attached

53
Q

What occurs in Telophase I?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms with 2 haploid cells

54
Q

What are Prophase and Metaphase II otherwise known as?

A

Ovulation

55
Q

What are Anaphase and Telophase II otherwise known as?

A

Fertilisation

56
Q

What occurs in Prophase II?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Nuclear envelope breaks
  • Spindle forms
57
Q

What occurs in Metaphase II?

A

Homologous pairs (2 sister chromatids) line up along the equator (metaphase plate)

58
Q

What occurs in Anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

59
Q

What occurs in Telophase II?

A
  • Nuclear membrane reforms
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Cytokinesis
60
Q

Which days of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur in?

A

Day 13-15

61
Q

Describe the 1st step of ovulation

A
  • FSH stimulates primary follicle growth and meiosis resumes (prophase completed prior to birth)
  • Results in larger follicle with fluid filled antrum that releases oestrogen
62
Q

Describe the 2nd step of ovulation

A

Just prior to ovulation, the diploid cell undergoes its first meiotic division, producing a secondary oocyte contained in a Graafian follicle (2n) and a polar body (n)

63
Q

Describe the 3rd step of ovulation

A
  • Ovulation is instigated by a sudden surge in LH and FSH released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to a critical level of oestrogen
  • The 2nd meiotic division is arrested in metaphase until fertilisation occurs
64
Q

Describe the 4th step of ovulation

A
  • The ruptured follicle develops into the corpus luteum under the influence of LH, which then secretes progesterone
  • This increases the blood supply to the endometrium and causes glands to grow and secrete nutrients into the uterine cavity for the embryo
65
Q

Describe the 5th step of ovulation

A
  • If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates as LH levels decline
  • The blood vessels kink and contract, restricting oxygen and nutrients and resulting in cell death
  • This then results in menstruation around day 28
66
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation

A

Sperm + Ovum –> Zygote –> Morula –> Blastocyst –> Trophoblast + Inner cell mass

67
Q

What does the trophoblast develop into?

A
  • Placenta

- Chorion

68
Q

What is another name for the inner cell mass and what does it develop into?

A
  • Name = embryoblast
  • Foetus
  • Amnion
  • Umbilical cord
69
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A thick membrane surrounding the ovum before implantation

70
Q

What are the 3 germ cell layers called?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
71
Q

How is pregnancy detected?

A
  • Trophoblast cells secrete hCG

- Pregnancy tests are sensitive to the beta subunit of this hormone

72
Q

What determines the sex of the foetus?

A

All foetuses are female unless testosterone is activated which causes it to differentiate into a male

73
Q

Describe the prenatal development in an XX foetus

A
  • Oestrogen causes external genitalia to form
  • Walffian ducts passively regress
  • Mullerian ducts passively develop into internal genitalia
74
Q

Describe the prenatal development in an XY foetus

A
  • SRY gene is activated which causes the development of the testes
  • Testosterone is released which causes active development of Walffian ducts into internal genitalia and dihydrotestosterone into external genitalia
  • Regression of Mullerian ducts
75
Q

Give 3 female reproductive disorders

A
  • PIDS (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
  • Endometriosis
  • Ectopic Pregnancy
76
Q

Explain the effects of PIDS

A
  • Affects uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes
  • Caused by bacterial infections or STIs
  • Can increase risk of ectopic pregnancy
  • Treatment = antibiotics (unless there are complications)
77
Q

Explain the effects of Endometriosis

A
  • Endometrium tissue found in places other than the womb (e.g. ovaries/ fallopian tubes)
  • Can cause infertility
  • Can’t be cured but can give pain relief, reduce endometrium growth by reducing oestrogen or perform surgery
78
Q

Explain the effects of Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • Blastocyst implants in fallopian tube/ outside uterus

- Treatment = blastocyst removal

79
Q

Give 3 male reproductive disorders

A
  1. Cryptorchidism
  2. Epididymitis
  3. Hydrocele
80
Q

Explain the effects of Crytorchidism

A
  • 1 or 2 undescended testicles
  • Can cause infertility and increased risk of testicular cancer
  • Treatment = operation
81
Q

Explain the effects of Epididymitis

A
  • Inflamed epididymis
  • Usually caused by a UTI or STI
  • Treated with pain killers and antibiotics
82
Q

Explain the effects of Hydrocele

A
  • Swelling of the scrotum (usually in infants and adults with injuries to their scrotum or STIs)
  • Can cause infection/ tumour and reduce sperm production/ function
  • Treatment = surgery in more severe cases
83
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia A (2n) –> Mitosis –> Spermatogonia B (2n) –> Growth –> Primary Spermatocyte (2n) –> Meiosis I –> Secondary Spermatocytes (n) –> Meiosis II –> Spermatids (n)

84
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis

A

Oogonia (2n) –> Mitosis –> Primary Oocyte (2n) –> Growth –> Primary oocyte (2n arrested in prophase I) –> Released monthly (meiosis I) –> Secondary oocyte + polar body (n) –> Ovum + 3 polar bodies

Physical Health Sciences (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions