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Physical Health Sciences > Blood Grouping > Flashcards

Blood Grouping Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells in the blood?

A

Lymphoid and Myeloid

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2
Q

Name a type of Lymphoid stem cell

A

Lymphocytes

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3
Q

Name the 6 types of Myeloid stem cells

A 
Erythrocytes
Monocytes
Platelets
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
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4
Q

What are the 4 constituents of plasma?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Plasma proteins (e.g. albumin, fibrinogen)
Substances transported (e.g. nutrients, waste products, gases)

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5
Q

What are the components of blood and what percentage of the blood do they cover?

A

Plasma 55%

Formed Elements 45%

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6
Q

Describe the process of blood cell production

A
  • Process called Erythropoiesis
  • Hormone involved called Erythropoietin, produced in the kidneys (or liver in foetus)
  • Erythrocytes formed from red bone marrow and have a life span of 120 days
  • RBC are destroyed in the reticuloendothelial system and mature RBC are enucleated
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7
Q

What does enucleated mean?

A

Absence of a nucleus

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8
Q

Describe the process of regulating RBC production rate

A

If levels of oxygen are low, kidneys release erythropoietin which stimulates the red bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis

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9
Q

Give 3 reasons why there may be a low oxygen level in the blood

A
  1. Decreased RBC count
  2. Decreased amount of Hb
  3. Decreased availability of oxygen
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10
Q

What are the 3 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Distribution
  2. Regulation
  3. Protection
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11
Q

In a centrifuged blood sample, what does the buffy coat situated between the formed elements and the plasma contain?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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12
Q

What determines whether blood is group A, B, AB or O?

A

The antigens on the surface of the RBC

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13
Q

What is another name for antigens?

A

Agglutinogens

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14
Q

What type of molecules is an antigen?

A

Glycoprotein

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15
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group A?

A

Anti-B

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16
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group B?

A

Anti-A

17
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group AB?

A

None

18
Q

What antibodies are in the blood of group O?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

19
Q

What determines whether the blood is positive or negative?

A

The presence or absence of the rhesus antigen.
Present = positive
Absent = negative

20
Q

What is another name for antibodies?

A

Agglutinins

21
Q

What are the 3 types of antibody?

A

Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-D

22
Q

Why are the antibodies in blood not complementary to the RBC antigens?

A

Because they would react together and break down RBC

23
Q

What is unusual about antibodies?

A

They have 2 attachment sites

24
Q

Are A, B and O antigens dominant or recessive?

A

A and B are co-dominant

O is recessive

25
Q

Describe the agglutination reaction

A
  • RBC clump together due to an antigen-antibody reaction
  • Agglutination is the splitting of donor’s RBC
  • Splitting of RBC = haemolysis
26
Q

Describe the relationship between the donor’s blood and the recipient’s blood.

A
  • If donor antibodies react with recipient antigens, there is minimal damage as the antibodies are diluted in the recipient’s circulation; this is called the Dilution Effect
  • If donor antigens react with recipient antibodies, this can be fatal
27
Q

What is cross-matching?

A

Testing donor’s RBC for agglutination using recipient’s serum; the result is compatibility (remains clear) or incompatibility (goes cloudy/ clumpy)

28
Q

What type of donor blood can group A receive?

A

Group A or O

29
Q

What type of donor blood can group B receive?

A

Group B or O

30
Q

What type of donor blood can group AB receive?

A

Group A, B, AB or O

31
Q

What type of donor blood can group O receive?

A

Group O

32
Q

What are the 10 steps of a blood transfusion process?

A
  1. Blood request
  2. Patient’s sample collection
  3. Blood grouping
  4. Cross-matching
  5. Blood component stage
  6. Pre-admin precautions
  7. Admin of blood components
  8. Monitoring during admin
  9. Adverse transfusion reaction
  10. Management of adverse reaction
33
Q

What blood should be used in an emergency as the least likely to cause a reaction?

A

O negative

34
Q

What blood type is given to rhesus positive and negative patients?

A

Rhesus positive = positive or negative

Rhesus negative = negative only

35
Q

Why are some pregnant women given anti-D?

A
  • Given to women who are rhesus negative
  • Blood type of baby is unknown and if baby is rhesus positive, mother and baby’s blood would mix and mother would make anti-D antibodies to break down baby’s RBC
  • Anti-D antigens given in injection to ‘mop up’ anti-D antibodies
36
Q

How is blood tested for rhesus positive or negative?

A

Anti-D antibodies are added - if there is a reaction, blood is rhesus positive

Physical Health Sciences (15 decks)

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