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Physical Health Sciences > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main elements that make up cells?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Hydrogen

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2
Q

What is cytoplasm made up of?

A

Cytosol (fluid)
Organelles
Inclusions (chemical substances)

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3
Q

Name the 5 organelles that are membranous

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Endoplasmic Reticulums
  3. Golgi Apparatus
  4. Lysosome
  5. Mitochondria
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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA for the cell as well as chromatin and proteins

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesises and assembles ribosomes (contains RNA)

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6
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Transports proteins made by attached ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises and transports lipids and steroids

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8
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Break down fatty acids and convert hydrogen peroxide to water

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11
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Destroy harmful enzymes, worn out organelles and foreign substances

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12
Q

What is the function of proteasomes?

A

Destroy unneeded or damaged proteins

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13
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration; production of ATP

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14
Q

Name the 4 types of passive transport

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Filtration
  4. Osmosis
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15
Q

Name the 4 types of active transport

A
  1. Exocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Pinocytosis
  4. Phagocytosis
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16
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement of lipid-soluble molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down the concentration gradient) across a semi-permeable membrane

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17
Q

What factors affect simple diffusion?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Distance of travel
  3. Surface area
  4. Thickness of surface
  5. Temperature
18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of lipid-insoluble molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down the concentration gradient) across a semi-permeable membrane

19
Q

Describe channel proteins

A

Each is specific to one type of molecule and has a gate-like structure that open when complementary molecules bind to it

20
Q

Describe carrier proteins

A

Large polar molecules bind to these proteins which then change shape and release molecules on the other side of the membrane

21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential (down the water potential gradient) across a semi-permeable membrane

22
Q

What is water potential?

A

Low concentration = more potential for water to move into the space

23
Q

Explain the 3 different types of water potential distribution in solutions

A 
Isotonic = equal water potential
Hypertonic = water potential lower outside = water moves out (can lead to crenation)
Hypotonic = water potential lower inside = water moves in (can lead to haemolysis)
24
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (against the concentration gradient)

25
Q

What is filtration?

A

Movement of water and solutes across the plasma membrane in the cardiovascular system due to hydrostatic pressure

26
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Getting rid of waste products after being transported in a vesicle

27
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Substances moving into the cell in vesicles

28
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Solid substances are engulfed by vesicles to be digested

29
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Liquid substances are engulfed by vesicles to be digested

30
Q

Outline the process of DNA replication

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds break by DNA helicase and double helix structure unwinds
  2. Exposed bases bind with free nucleotides by DNA polymerase
  3. Sugar phosphate backbone joins to new strand of DNA by DNA polymerase
  4. 2 identical strands of DNA are created and return to a double helix structure
31
Q

Briefly outline what occurs in Interphase

A
  • DNA replication

- Cell growth

32
Q

Briefly outline what occurs in Prophase

A
  • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles
  • Spindles develop
  • Sister chromatids pair up
33
Q

Briefly outline what occurs in Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes gather at the equator

- Spindles attach to centromeres

34
Q

Briefly outline what occurs in Anaphase

A
  • Spindles contract

- Centromere splits and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

35
Q

Briefly outline what occurs in Telophase

A
  • Chromatids uncoil and lengthen
  • Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform
  • Spindles break down and centrioles replicate
36
Q

Give 3 areas of healthcare in which mitosis is significant

A
  1. Tissue repair
  2. Disease inheritance
  3. Assistance of reproduction (IVF, genetic engineering)
37
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Death of cells

38
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

39
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells containing no nucleus

40
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A structure in a cell that has a role in the cell’s functioning

41
Q

What does cytotoxic mean?

A

Something that damages/ destroys living cells

Physical Health Sciences (15 decks)

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