Reproductive System

Question 1

Role of Y chromosome

Answer 1

x chromosome has 1000 genes, y chromosome has 80 genes. sexual differentiation begins around day 50 in utero. Only males have Y chromosome, the genes on the chromosome tend to be involved in the male sex determination and organ development

Question 2

Sex is determined by the

Answer 2

SRY gene (Sex determining region y). Othere genes on the Y chromosomeare important for male fertility

Question 3

XXY

Answer 3

Kleinfelter tall, small testes; infertile, poor beard growth, small breasts, wide hips

Question 4

XO

Answer 4

Turner’s Syndrome

Question 5

XYY

Answer 5

Jacob Syndrome very tall, severe acne, impulsivity, higher risk for learning disabilities

Question 6

Gametogenesis

Answer 6

the production of sperm and egg throguh meiosis broken into two categories: spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Question 7

Spermatogenesis

Answer 7

in males, spermatagonia undergo mitosis , then stop unitl puberty, and resume mitosis

Question 8

oogenesis

Answer 8

All mitotic divisions completed in utero. Primary oocytes arrested in meiosis I.
At puberty, oocytes complete first meiotic division- 1 each month, then remain arrested in Metaphase II until fertilization

Question 9

organ components in male

Answer 9

scrotum, testes, epididymis, spermatic cords and ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostate, penis

Question 10

Scrotum

Answer 10

sac like organ made up of skin and muscles that house the testes

Question 11

testes

Answer 11

male gonads responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone

Question 12

Epididymis

Answer 12

sperm storage area that wraps around the superior and posterior edge of the testes. Made up of several feet of long, thin tubules that are tightly coiled into a small mass. Sperm morduced in testes moved into epididymis to mature before being passed on through the male reproductive organs

Question 13

Spermatic cords and ductus deferens

Answer 13

inside the scrotum a pair of spermatic cords connects the testes to the abdominal cavity. The spermatic cords contain the ductus deferens, muscular tube that carries sperm superiorly from the epiddymis into the abdominal cavity to the ejaculatory duct

Question 14

Ejaculatory duct

Answer 14

ductus deferens passes through the prostate and joins with the urethra at the ejaculatory duct. sperm passes through ejaculatory duct during ejaculation

Question 15

Prostate

Answer 15

a walnut sized exocrine gland that borders the inferior end of the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra . Produces large portion of fluid that makes up semen. This liquidy milky white color and contains enzymes, proteins, and other chemicals to support and protect sperm during ejaculation

Question 16

Penis

Answer 16

male external sexual organ

Question 17

Organ components in females

Answer 17

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, brests, mammary glands

Question 18

ovaries

Answer 18

pair of small glands about the size and shape of alonds located on left and right side of the pelvic body cavity, lateral to the superior portion of the uterus. Produce female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs

Question 19

fallopian tubes

Answer 19

pair of muscular tubes that extend from the left and right superior corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. inside of each fallopian tube is covered in cilia that work with the smooth muscle of the tube to carry the ovum to the uterus

Question 20

uterus

Answer 20

hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ located posterior and superior to the urinary bladder. connected to the two fallopian tubes on its superior end and the vagina via the cervix on its inferior end. Also known as the womb, as it surounds and supports the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Question 21

vagina

Answer 21

an elastic, muscular tube, that connects the cervix of the uterus to the exterior of the bdoy

Question 22

vulva

Answer 22

collective name for the external female genitalia located in the public region of the body (pubic bone, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris)

Question 23

Breasts

Answer 23

specailzied organs of the female body that contains mammory glands, milk ducts, and adipose tissue

Question 24

mammary glands

Answer 24

special type of sudoriferous glands that have been modified to produce milk to feed infancts.

Question 25

Puberty in male

Answer 25

secondary sex characteristiscs regulated by testosterone:
pubic, facial, axillary hair. muscle growth/development, bone growth, sperm production/semen, ejaculation/erectile function

Question 26

female puberty

Answer 26

stimulate bone growth, breast development, menarche, pubic axillary hair.

Question 27

Hormonal regulation in XY

Answer 27

when the reproductive hormone is required, the hypothalamus sends a GnRH to the anterior pituitary. At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus causes the release of FSH and LH into the male system for the first time. FSH enters the testes and stimulates the Sertoli cells to begin facilitating spermatogenesis using negative feedback. LH also enters the testes and stimulates the interstitial cells of the Leydig to make and release Testosterone into the testes and blood. Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Negative feedback system occurs when rising levels of testosterone acting on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH. Sertoli cells produce hormone inhibin to release into blood when sperm count is too high. Inhibits the release of GnRH and FSH and slows down spermatogenesis

Question 28

inhibin

Answer 28

Sertoli cells produce hormone to release into blood when sperm count is too high. Inhibits the release of GnRH and FSH and slows down spermatogenesis

Question 29

XX hormone regulation

Answer 29

more complex than XY.Anterior pituitary hormones cause the release of FSH and LH
Estrogens and progesterone are released from the developing follicles
Estrogen is reproductive hormone in females
Assists in endometrial regrowth, ovulation and calcium absorption
Also responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone assists in endometrial re-growth and inhibition of FSH and LH release
FSH stimulates development of egg cells called ova which develop in structures called follicles
Follicle cells produce the hormone inhibin, which inhibits FSH production
Estradiol and progesterone are steroid hormones that prepare body for pregnancy
Estradiol produces secondary sex characteristics
Both estradiol and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle
Ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs
Menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining

Question 30

Follicular phase

Answer 30

Hypothalamus releases GnRH, stimulating anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulates the follicles in the ovaries to produce low levels of estradiol which inhibit GnRH secretion by hypothalamus, keeping LH and FSH levels low. Estradiol causes endometrial arteries to constrict resulting in menstruation

Question 31

Ovulation

Answer 31

Hypothalamus releases GnRH stimulating pituitary to release FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of one of the growing follicles.. The growing follicles begin to produce high levels of estradiol which stimulate GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus so that LH and FSH levels rise, resulting in ovulation about a day later. Estradiol causes thee endometrium to thicken.

Question 32

Luteal Phase

Answer 32

Hypothalamus releases GnRH stimulating the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH which stimulates growth of a corpus luteum from follicular tissue left behind after ovulation. . The corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone that block GnRH production by the hypothalamus and lH and FSH production in the pituitary. Causes the endometrium to develop further.

Question 33

Fertilization

Answer 33

During an act of sexual intercourse, a male ejaculates an average of 300 million sperm into the vagina of the female
Only about 100 survive and make it to each fallopian tube
During their passage through the female reproductive tract, about 10% of sperm gain the ability to fertilize an ovum, this ability is called capacitation
Involves several hours in the female reproductive tract and involves a number of chemical changes in the sperm including
Increases in pH
Increases in Ca+2 concentration
Increases in cAMP
CatSper→ rise in sperm pH activates unique Ca2+ channels located in the flagellum’s principal piece → allow Ca2+ to enter the sperm → causes hyperactivation
Hyperactivation → flagellum beats in higher amplitude to produce more forceful swimming
Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes and begins when the sperm binds to specific carbohydrates in the glycoproteins of the zona pellucida: thick transparent membrane surrounding ovum
During this process sperm are exposed to progesterone which activates the CatSper allowed the entry of calcium
Binding of the sperm with the zona pellucida triggers the entry of calcium and the acrosome reaction
Acrosome: enzyme-filled vesicle above sperm’s nucleus
The acrosome reaction allows the sperm to break down the membrane surrounding the ovum and fertilize the egg
Within 12 hours after fertilization the nuclear membrane in the ovum disappears and the haploid number of chromosomes in the ovum is joined by the haploid number of chromosomes from the sperm cell and forms a zygote
The zygote begins to divide rapidly and forms into a blastocyst

Question 34

Implantation

Answer 34

The fertilised egg, now known as an embryo, develops in the fallopian tube for the first three days, then travels down into the uterus.
By the fifth day it will become a blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells surrounding a cyst-like cavity.
The blastocyst then breaks free from its shell, or hatches, and it is ready to adhere to the surface of the endometrium.
It begins to secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), a hormone that tells the corpus luteum to continue progesterone production.
A home pregnancy test will detect hCG when checked after a missed period.
The egg maintains its ability to be fertilised for about 12 hours after ovulation. Sperm can remain viable in the cervical mucus for 48-72 hours or more around the time leading up to ovulation.

Question 35

Two critical/sensitive time periods to external or internal environmet

Answer 35

1. In utero- affecting the organization of: maternal stress, exposure to pesticides, plasticides
2. Puberty- changes in steroid hormones that are organizing and modifyng the brain, the secondary sex characteristiscs, establishing the cyclicity of the XX, stress

Question 36

implantation event

Answer 36

Blastoceal with mass of cell. Hasn’t yet developed into mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm. Inner mass of cells, edge of cells around perimeter, has this membrane interaction event that occurs right at this embryonic pole.. What’s really cool is this inner cell mass will become the deveoping fetus, this outer part here invades and gets enveloped, that will develop into the placenta. The placenta origin is the zygote. Not maternal, but the new combination of genes. The area of new active study is something that suprresses rejection because new DNA, invades,

Question 37

After gastrulation

Answer 37

The whole blastceal that has invaded the blood supply rearranges and differentiations into the umbilacal artery and develops blood 
Embryo has three cell layers of the
Ectoderm- NS
Mesoderm- msucle, and organs
Endoderms-

Chorionic villi testing- forms very
Trophoblast- interprelating forming a syncium
Begins to secrete HCG= human corionic gonadotrophin produced and secreted by the trophoblast. Early pregnancy detects this

Question 38

ECTOPIC pregnany

Answer 38

not a favorable environment starts attaching elsewhere, which when it attaches theres signals, lke hcg, so you can get a fair about of development going but not the blood supply that

Question 39

hormone in months of pregnancy

Answer 39

Graph shows: Human chorionic gondatropin (HCG) rises peaks at 2 and progesterone rises higher than estrogen