Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physio > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

As you inhale and expand the rib cage, what happens to the air pressure in the lungs?

A

Decrease in pressure because expanded rib cage increases the volume with the same amount of air, therefore movement of air is all about pressure difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood composition

A

Formed elements and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formed elements

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Platelets

A

activated in immune defense mechanisms to form a plug to prevent blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

arterial blood

A

blood leaving the heart, oxygenated except the artery that goes into the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

venuous blood

A

blood returning to the heart, generally less oxygenated except the blood going from lungs to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood is

A

8% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many liters of blood is there?

A

~5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

plasma

A

straw-colored liquid consisting of water and dissolved solutes, major solute, in terms of concentration is Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of the blood

A
  1. Transportation all of the substances essential for cellular metabolism are transported by the circulatory system.
    *Respiratory- RBC, transport O2 from inhaled air attaching itself to hemoglobin molecules within the RBC during aerobic respiration. CO2 produced by cell respiration is carried by the blood to the lungs for elimination in the exhaled air.
    *Nutritive- digestive system is responsible for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food so that it can be absorbed through the intestinal wall into the blood and lymphatic vessels. Blood carries these absorbed products of digestion through the liver to the cells of the body
    *Excretory-metabolic wastes (like urea), excess water and ions, and other molecules not needed by the body are carried by the blood to the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
  2. Regulation
    *Hormonal- blood carries hormones from their site of origin to distant target tissues where they perform a variety of functions
    *Temperature-aided by the diversion of blood from deeper to mores superficial cutaneous vessels or vice versa.
    Hot outside- blood is diverted from deep to superficial to help cool the body.
    Cold outside- blood is diverted to deeper vessels to help warm
  3. Protection
    *Clotting- the clotting mechanism protects against blood loss when vessels are damaged
    *Immune- WBC protect against many disease causing agents (pathogens)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

process by which blood cells are being formed constantly, making about 500 billion RBC/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells originate where, and end where in the fetus and then migrate where shortly after birth?

A

In the yolk sac of the human embryo and then migrate in sequence to regions around the aorta, to the placenta, and then to the liver of the fetus. But then migrate to the bone marrow shortly after birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes (RBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Formation of leukocytes (WBCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

Red bone marrow of the long bones, ribs, sternum, pelvis, bodies of the vertebrae, and portions of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bone marrow produces

A

all the different blood cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Process of differentiation of a blood cell

A

As the cells become differentiated during erythropoiesis and leukopeisis, they develop membrane receptors for chemical signals that cause further development along particular lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Earliest cells that can bbe distinguished under a microscope

A

erythroblasts, myeloblasts, lymphoblasts, and monoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by the kidneys, stimulates erythropoiesis, increasing the number of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stimulates erythropoietin production from kidneys

A

tissue hypoxia

deprivation of oxgygen, or low blood oxygen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At high altitudes

A

Lower pO2 in the air, so this stimulates the production of erythropoietin from the kidneys, leading to more RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Process of erythropoeisis

A

The erythropoietin-stimulated cell undergoes cell division and differentiation, leading to the production of erythroblasts, which transform into normoblasts, which lose their nuclei to become reticulocytes, and which change into fully mature erthrocytes, takes 3 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Type A Blood

A

Has A antigens, and anti-B antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Type B Blood

A

Has B antigens, and anti-A antibodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Type AB Blood

A

Has both A and B antigens, and no antibodies, making them the universal recipient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Type O Blood

A

Has neither A nor B antigen, and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, making them the universal donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lymphocytes in the immune system

A

Secrete a class of proteins called antibodies that bond to specific antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Rh factor

A

Another group of antigens found on the RBCs of most people (Rh + or Rh -)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Hemostasis (Clotting)

A

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug, production of fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Clotting and vasoconstriction

A

to cause regional blood constriction, local immediate response to injured vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Platelet plug

A

Platelet activation by vessel injury and adhere to von Willebrand factor, secreted by endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the Von Willebrand factor do?

A

binds to both collagen and the platelets, which help form the platelet plug during the clotting process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fibrin

A

Produced from plasma chemical cascade that involves thrombin converting fibrinogen to fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fibrin is degraded by

A

Plasmin (enzyme derived from Plasminogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Plasmin is derived by

A

Plasminogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Plasmin degrades

A

Fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

tPA (tissue Plasminogen activator), when given at the very beginning of a stroke, can reduce the extent of brain damage due to blockage of blood flow. Explain how tPA works.

A

tissue Plasminogen activator, turns on plasmin which degrades fibrin. Fibrin helps join platelets together and strengthen platelet plug, so by turning off fibrin, this turns off the platelet plug mechanism thus minimizing the blockage and leading to less brain damage because this leads to a less blockage of blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Blood clotting general mechanism

A

When a blood vessel is injured and the endothelium is broken, glycoproteins in the platelet’s plasma membrane are now able to bind to the exposed collagen fibers. The force of blood flow might pull the platelets off the collagen, however, were it not for another protein produced by endothelial cells known as von Willebrand’s factor, which binds to both collagen and the platelets, activating a signaling cascadeto produce a platelet plug in the damaged vessel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

arteries

A

largest vessels leading away from the heart, made up of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

arterioles

A

a bit smaller, at the beginning of organs branch into capillaries, made up of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Capillary beds

A

play a role in exchanging nutrients, help regulate blood pressure, and play a role in thermoregulation. Exchange of O2 and CO2 and other nutrients and waste products occurs here.
Lined with endothelial cell walls, because they’re smooth and frictionless, allowing blood to flow easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Venuoles

A

the smallest vein component that suck blood out of the capillaries, merge into the larger veins, has valves that don’t prevent gravity to change direction of blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Veins

A

carry back deoxygenated blood, contain most of the blood volume, low pressure, has valves that prevent the blood from flowing backwards leading to vericose veins or hemmorhoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Kidnery has

A

fenestrated capillary beds to filter larger and bulk flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Kidnery has

A

fenestrated capillary beds to filter larger and bulk flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many capillaries

A

40 billions, surface area 1000mi^2

50
Q

Lymphatic system components

A

Vessels, ducts, nodes

51
Q

lymphatic system basic functions

A
  1. it transports interstitial (tissue) fluid, initially formed as a blood filtrate, back to the blood
  2. transports absorbed fat from the small intestine to the blood
  3. its cells- called lymphocytes- help provide immunoogical defenses against disease-causing agents (pathogens)
52
Q

What happens when the circulation of the lymphatic system is blocked by a tumor in a lymph node?

A

You get lymphoma, edema- localized gathering of fluid, because can’t be filtered and returned. You have to remove the whole node.

53
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated, skeletal muscle, organized array of actin & myosin, each cell has it’s own nucleus, and connected with a gap junction, acts as one functional syncytium

54
Q

Gap junctions

A

intercalated disks, described before names, connect cells end to end

55
Q

desmosomes

A

knit them together cardiac tissue is strong, sturdy, and solid

56
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated, skeletal muscle, organized array of actin & myosin

57
Q

myocardial cells

A

each has it’s own nucleus connected with a gap junction

58
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

SA node, AV node (bundle of His) and Purkinje fibers

59
Q

Sympathetic activity

A

increases rate of diastolic depolarization via cAMP

60
Q

Parasympathetic activity

A

decreases rate of diastolic depolarization via opening Ca2+ channels

61
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node, located on the inferior portion of the interatirial septum

62
Q

Conducting tissues of the hert

A

Action potentials that originate in the SA node spread to adjacent myocardial cells of theright and left atria through the gap junctions between these cells. Because the myocardium of the atria is separated from the myocardium of the ventricles by the fibrous skeleton of the heart, however, the impulse cannot be conducted directly from the atria to the ventricles. Specialized conducting tissue composed of modified myocardial cells is thus required. These specialized myocardial cells form the AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.

63
Q

Action potential spreads

A

From the SA node, through the atria, pass into the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is located on the inferior portion of the interatrial septum. From here, action potentials ocntinue through the atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His, beginning at the top of the interventricular septum. This conducting tissue pierces the fibrous skeleton of the heart and continues to descend along the inter ventricular septum. The atrioventricular bundle divides into right and left bundle branches, which are continuous with the Purkinje fibers within the ventricular walls. Within the myocardium of the ventricles, the action potential spreads from the inner (endocardium) to the outer (epicardium) side. This causes both ventricles to contract simultaneous and eject blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

64
Q

blood flows

A

Deoxygenated blood flows from the organs through the valved veins through the superior and inferior venacava returning to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve or the atrioventricular valve (AV valve) which

65
Q

AV valve

A

tricuspid valve or the atrioventricular valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Has three flaps. Allows blood to flow from the atria to the ventricle, butnormally prevent backflow of blood into the atra. Opening and closing of these valves occurs as a result of pressure differences between the atria and ventricles.

66
Q

Ventricles are relaxed the blood flows where, due to the AV valve

A

the return of blood to the atria causes the pressure in the atria to exceed thatinthe ventricles, causing the AV valves to open, allowing blood to enter the ventricles

67
Q

Ventricles contract AV valve does what?

A

the Intraventricular pressure rises about the pressure in the atria and pushes the AV valves close

68
Q

Semilunar valves

A

pulmonary valve

located at the origin of the pulmonary artery and aorta

69
Q

When do the semilunar valves open?

A

They open during ventricular contraction, allowing blood to enter the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

70
Q

When do the semilunar valves close?

A

During ventricular relaxation, when the pressure in the arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles, snapping them shut, preventing the backflow of blood into the ventricles.

71
Q

Ventricular contraction

A

systole

72
Q

Ventricular relaxation

A

Diastole

73
Q

Mitral valve

A

Bicuspid valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium.

74
Q

Diastole, what valves are open?

A

tricuspid and bicuspid valves are opened, so blood flows from atrium to

75
Q

Systole

A

SA node conducts

76
Q

Ventricular systole begins when

A

ventricles are filled with blood

77
Q

When do the semilunar valves open?

A

When blood in the ventricles are increasing the pressure causing the AV and the mitral valve to close, opening these valves so that blood flows thru the pulmonary artery and aorta

78
Q

SA node

A

Sinoatrial node, where electrical impulses begin, causing your heart to contract. Sometimes referred to as your heart’s “natural pacemaker”

79
Q

What causes the heart to contract?

A

The beating of the heart is regulated by electrical impulses generated by your heart muscles.

80
Q

What is the pathway of electrical impulse?

A

Sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node, where signal is checked and then sent through the ventricles which causes them to contract. Your heart rate can changed based on diet stress or hormones.

81
Q

What is the pathway of electrical impulse?

A

Sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node, where signal is checked and then sent through the ventricles which causes them to contract. Your heart rate can changed based on diet stress or hormones.

82
Q

Ventricular systole

A

relaxation of the atria

83
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Contraction of the atria occurs in the last 0.1 second of this period

84
Q

End-diastolic volume

A

the total volume of blood i the ventricles as the end of diastole, so after contraction

85
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood that comes out of one heart beat ~70-80 mL in a young man

86
Q

Contraction of the ventricles in systole

A

ejects about 2/3 of the blood they contain, sv, leaving 1/3 of the intial amount left in the ventricles as the end-systolic volume

87
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

insufficient cardiac output, ventricles not harmed. Electrical pathway to atria is not organized so depolarizing. Caused by damage to SA node or heart attack. AV node has taken over as pacemaker, no atrial contraction

88
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

a record or display of a person’s heartbeat produced by electrocardiography.

89
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization (contraction) increase in ventricular pressure due to the pressure of the blood inside the ventricle

90
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of the ventricles mitral and tricuspid valves close, causing opening in semilunar valves and aortic valve to have blood ejected

91
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

92
Q

What is happening from the time the mitral valve closes and the aortic valve opens? What causes the aortic valve to open?

A

Big contraction. Pressure is building in the left ventricle. The aortic valve opens as the left ventricle contracts and blood flows into the aorta

93
Q

Diastole ends with

A

atrial contraction

94
Q

Exercising muscles

A 
increase size of muscle fiber (hypertrophy)
increase enzymes of energy metabolism
increase mitochondria (esp endurance)
increase myoglobin
increase capillary density
95
Q

Microdamage theory

A

triggering gene expression according to a proteomet

96
Q

blood flows

A

right atria, thru AV valve, to right ventricle, thru semilunar pulmonary valve, to pulmonary artery, to lungs to get oxygenated and release CO2, back thru pulmonary veins to left atria thru mitral valve (bicuspid valve), to left ventricle, thru aortic valve, thru aotra to organs

97
Q

first heart sound

A

closing of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole (contraction)

98
Q

Second heart sound

A

closing of semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary valves) marking the end of systole (contraction)

99
Q

Amount of blood eject in a beat

A

~60-80% so alwys some blood left in ventricles

100
Q

Cardiac output

A

stroke volume * heart rate

101
Q

Regulation of Stroke volume

A

the amount of blood at the end of diastole, relaxation .Atria have spewed blood, causing a stretch to the filaments in each aorta, determines how much/how strong the stretch/contraction

102
Q

How much blood there is depends on

A

contraction

103
Q

How much blood there is depends on

A

contraction

104
Q

What would happen if a blood clot blocks flow in the right lung?

A

Less oxygenated blood would be able to flow from right lung back to the heart, leading to a build up of blood in capillary bed, leading to pulmonary edema. Fluid buildup in the lung, increasing pressure causing right ventricle to have to pump harder to overcome pressure in the lung. Body responds by sympathetic

105
Q

What’s happening in capillary bed?

A

Blood comes out of aorta to capilalry beds, fluid spreads out in capillary bed, allowing movement of blood through fenestrated tissues except in blood brain barrier

106
Q

Capillary/Tissue fluid exchange

A

Passive process, depending on pressure differences

107
Q

What’s happening in capillary bed?

A

Blood comes out of aorta to capilalry beds, fluid spreads out in capillary bed, allowing movement of blood through fenestrated tissues except in blood brain barrier

108
Q

Capillary/Tissue fluid exchange

A

Passive process, depending on pressure differences. Blood plasma contains water, ions, nutrient molecules (glucose, amino acids, protein, lipids), and waste molecules. These substances can be transported from the blood capillaries to the interstitial fluid to the cells and back again by diffusion, filtration, osmosis, and active transport.

109
Q

πp

A

colloid osmotic pressure of plasma

110
Q

πi

A

colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

111
Q

πi

A

colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

112
Q

πi

A

colloid osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

113
Q

Frank-Starling Law

A

Regulates stroke volume because it says
1. increase in end diastolic volume increases contraction because filaments overlap so increasing stroke volume so contract

114
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone from the kidney works to retain more water which will bring that water into the blood volume, urination decreases, stimulates thirst, restores blood volume.

115
Q

When is ADH stimulated?

A

If increase salt intake because more fluid in the

116
Q

The three main drugs used to treat essential hypertension are: diuretics, B-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta-blockers) and calcium channel blockers. Explain how they work

A

essential hypertension- high blood pressure with no known cause

diuretics- act as

117
Q

diuretics

A

increase urine volume, thus decreasing blood volume and pressure , allowing you to get rid of unneeded water and salt though the urine. ad

118
Q

ADH

A

stimulates smooth muscle vasoconstriction, increasing resistance, therefore pressure increaes

119
Q

ADH effects on kidney

A

Makes kidneys reabsorb more water, by adding more water channels, Increase stroke volume and bp

120
Q

ADH

A

Increases blood pressure

Human Physio (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions