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anatomy > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

0
Q

What are female sex cells?

A

Oocytes (eggs)

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1
Q

What are male sex cells?

A

Sperm

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2
Q

What are a males primary sex organs?

A

Two testes

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3
Q

Where are the testes housed?

A

The scrotum

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4
Q

How do sperm cells form?

A

A process called spermatogenesis

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5
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

How sperm cells form

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6
Q

What are spermatogenic cells in a male called?

A

Spermatogenia

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7
Q

What are the male accessory organs?

A

Two epididymides, two ductus deferential, ejaculatory ducts, a urethra, as well as the two seminal vesicles, and the prostrate gland.

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8
Q

Describe epididymides

A

Tightly coiled, threadlike tubes about 6 meters long (18 feet)

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9
Q

How long are epididymides?

A

6 meters (18 feet)

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10
Q

What are the epididymides connected to?

A

Ducts within the testes

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11
Q

When do sperm cells Swim?

A

After ejaculation

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12
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

Saclike structures that attach to the ductus deferens and secrete a slightly alpine fluid that contains fructose that provides energy for the sperm.

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13
Q

What are saclike structures that attach to the ductus deferens and secrete a slightly alkaline fluid that contains fructose that provides energy for the sperm?

A

Seminal vesicles

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14
Q

What happens during sexual stimulation?

A

Nerve impulses from the spinal cord release NO which dilates the arteries leading to the penis.

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15
Q

What reduces blood flow away from the penis?

A

Increased pressure on the arteries compresses the veins of the penis.

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16
Q

What produces and erection?

A

Blood accumulates in erectile tissue and the penis swells producing an erection.

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17
Q

What fluid is released first during ejaculation?

A

Prostate fluid

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18
Q

What is the order in which fluid is released?

A

Prostate fluid, sperm cells, fluid from seminal vesicles.

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19
Q

What secretes hormones that control male reproductive functions?

A

The hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes

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20
Q

What are male sex hormones called?

A

Androgens

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21
Q

What is the most important androgens?

A

Testosterone

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22
Q

What is the main cause of male infertility?

A

The testes not descending into the scrotum

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23
Q

What does the the testes not descending into the scrotum cause?

A

Higher temperatures of the body kills the sperm

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24
Q

What are a females primary sex organs?

A

The two ovaries

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25
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Female sex cells and sex hormones

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26
Q

How many oocytes are produced in the embryo before birth?

A

Several million

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27
Q

What is produced in the embryo before birth?

A

Oocytes

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28
Q

What do oocytes begin as?

A

Primordial follicles

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29
Q

What are primordial follicles?

A

What oocytes begin as

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30
Q

What is the process of egg cell formation?

A

Oogenesis

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31
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process of egg cell formation

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32
Q

At puberty what do some of the primordial follicles mature to form?

A

Primary follicles

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33
Q

Which oocyte can get fertilized?

A

The large one

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34
Q

What is the small oocyte?

A

A smaller polar body

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35
Q

How many primary follicles can begin maturing?

A

20

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36
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The process of the follicles maturing and giving rise to the secondary oocyte and first polar body during oogenesis.

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37
Q

What happens to the oocyte if it isn’t fertilized within 24 hours?

A

It degenerates

38
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

In the uterine tube

39
Q

What keeps the embryo for development?

A

The uterus

40
Q

What is the lower third part of the uterus called?

A

Cervix

41
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The lower third of the uterus

42
Q

What extends down into the upper part of the vagina?

A

The cervix

43
Q

What are the external sex organs of a girl collectively called?

A

The Vulva

44
Q

What does the vulva include?

A

Labia Majorca, labia minors, clitoris, and vestibule

45
Q

What does the clitoris correspond to in a male?

A

The penis

46
Q

What stimulates enlargements of accessory organs in girls?

A

Estrogen

47
Q

Who has irregular reproductive cycles?

A

Elite female athletes

48
Q

What is the problem in elite female athletes?

A

Too little body fat

49
Q

What may happen when elite female athletes reproductive cycles (periods) stop?

A

They may impair their ability to conceive (have kids)

50
Q

What does too little body fat in women do?

A

Decreases secretion of estrogen levels

51
Q

What is the most effective birth control?

A

Oral contraceptives (pills)

52
Q

What do the birth control oral contraceptives (pills) contain?

A

Synthetic estrogen and progesterone

53
Q

What do women need to get periodically tested for?

A

Cervical cancer

54
Q

What is used to detect abnormal cells in the cervix?

A

A Pap smear

55
Q

What does hormone replacement therapy do?

A

Replaces estrogen in the body

56
Q

Who can take hormone replacement therapy?

A

Women going through menopause

57
Q

What are the primary sex organs of the male?

A

Testes

58
Q

What is the process in which sex cells are formed?

A

Meiosis

59
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The process in which sex cells are formed

60
Q

How many chromosomes does each spermatogonium contain?

A

46

61
Q

What happens during the chromosome number in meiosis?

A

It’s reduced

62
Q

How many chromosomes does the head of the sperm contain?

A

23

63
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Store sperm as they mature

64
Q

What is added to sperm cells by the seminal vesicle?

A

Fructose

65
Q

What are the male external reproductive organs?

A

The penis and scrotum

66
Q

What is not a male internal accessory organ?

A

The testes

67
Q

Exposure to the cold causes the scrotum to what?

A

Contract

68
Q

Name the 3 male reproductive hormones that are secreted from the testes

A

The hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

69
Q

What stimulates the growth of male body hair?

A

Testosterone

70
Q

Where does an oocyte mature during puberty?

A

The primary follicle

71
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When the egg is released from the ovary

72
Q

What is the inner layer of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

73
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The inner layer of the uterus

74
Q

What does the vagina connect the uterus to?

A

The outer surface of the body

75
Q

What female part corresponds to the penis?

A

The clitoris

76
Q

Hormonal mechanisms are (more or less) complex than the male?

A

More complex

77
Q

What hormones are primary in girls?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

78
Q

What hormone is primary in a guy?

A

Testosterone

79
Q

What is menopause?

A

The cessation of the menstrual cycle in middle age women.

80
Q

What causes infertility in elite female athletes?

A

Too little estrogen

81
Q

What are the 4 stages of the period?

A

Menstruation
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Menstruation

82
Q

How many women develop bread cancer in their life?

A

1/8

83
Q

How much % of breast cancer do men have?

A

1%

84
Q

What is a sign of breast cancer?

A

A dimple, change in color, a flattened Nipple, discharge.

85
Q

What is a mammogram?

A

An X-ray scan to find abnormal tissue in the breasts

86
Q

80% of the time a breast lump is a sign of what?

A

Fibrocystic breast disease

87
Q

Is fibrocystic breast disease cancerous or benign?

A

Benign (noncancerous)

88
Q

What is a fibroadenoma?

A

A breast cyst or mass of connective tissue

89
Q

What do they do for a cancerous cyst in the breast?

A

Surgery to remove it

90
Q

What are most breast cancers treated with?

A

Radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs

91
Q

What % of breast cancer comes from inheritance?

A

5-10%

92
Q

What triggers the majority of breast cancer?

A

Environment

anatomy (9 decks)

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