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PPE Revision > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do germ cells arise? How do they get to the gonads?

A
  • Epithelium of yolk sac near base of allantois
  • They travel along dorsal mesentary to primordial gonads
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2
Q

What drives the development of male gonads?

A

SRY gene found on Y chromosome

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3
Q

How do the gonads influence the formation of male and female reproductive tracts?

A
  • Testis secrete androgens which:
    • Supports mesonephric duct which forms internal duct system (epididymis, vas deferens, urethra)
    • Supports male external genitalia
  • Testis also secrete Mullerian Inhibiting Substance causing degeneration of paramesonephric duct
  • Ovaries don’t secrete androgens so:
    • Mesonephric ducts regress
    • Female external genitalia occur
  • There no Mullerian Inhibiting Substance so paramesonephric ducts persist
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4
Q

Describe the descent of the testes

A
  • Start in upper lumbar regions
  • They are tethered to labioscrotal folds by gubernaculum
  • As the body the relative position becomes more caudal
  • Musculo-fascial layer envaginates into scrotum to form processus vaginalis
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5
Q

What is the remanant of the gubernaculum in males and females?

A

Males - scrotal ligament

Females - ovarian ligament and round ligament

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6
Q

Describe the descent of the ovaries

A
  • Develop high on posterior abdominal wall - mesonephric ridge
  • Tethered to labioscrotal folds by gubernaculum
  • Descend through the abdomen and stop at pelvis due to presence of uterus
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7
Q

Describe development of uterus

A
  • Paramesonephric ducts fuse together in the midline
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8
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?

A
  • Ovarian artery
  • Ovarian vein
  • Para-aortic nodes
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9
Q

What is the difference in the route of the right and left ovarian venous drainage?

A

Right - straight into IVC

Left - left renal vein

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10
Q

What are the segments of the fallopian tubes?

A
  • Fimbriae
  • Infundibulum
  • Ampulla
  • Isthmus
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11
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and lymphatic drainage of the fallopian tubes?

A

Same as ovary except lymphatics

  • Ovarian artery
  • Ovarian vein
  • Iliac, sacral and aortic lymph nodes
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12
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and lymphatic drainage of the uterus?

A
  • Uterine arteries
  • Uterine veins
  • Iliac, sacral, aortic, inguinal lymph nodes
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13
Q

What is the position of the uterus?

A
  • Anteverted with respect to vagina
  • Anteflexed with respect to the cervix
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14
Q

What are the two regions of the cervix? What type of epithelium covers them?

A
  • Ectocervix - portion that projects into vagina, opening is external os
    • Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
  • Endocervix - Between vagina and uterus, boundaries are external and internal os
    • Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium
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15
Q

What is the arterial supply, venous drainage and lymphatic drainage of the cervix?

A

Same as uterus

  • Uterine artery
  • Uterine vein
  • Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal lymph nodes
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16
Q

What is the innervation of the vagina?

A
  • Inferior 1/5th recieves somatic innervation from pudendal nerve
  • Superior 4/5th recieves innervation from uterovaginal plexus (parasympathetic, sympathetic and visceral afferents)
17
Q

Which ligments support the pelvic viscera?

A
  • Transverse cervical ligament
  • Uterosacral ligament
18
Q

Describe the route from the testis to urethra

A

Seminferous tubules > rete testis > efferent ductules > epididymis > vas deferens (ductus deferents)

19
Q

What surrounds the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis then tunica albuginea (capsule) - Superficial to deep

20
Q

What is the function of Serolti cells and Leydig cells?

A
  • Sertoli cells are nurse cells, they help in the process of spermatogenesis - stimulated by FSH
  • Leydig cells secrete testosterone
21
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A
  • Testicular artery, cremasteric artery, artery to vas deferens
  • Pampiniform plexus
  • Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
  • Lymphatics
  • Vas deferens
  • Processus vaginalis
22
Q

What are the coverings of the spermatic cord?

A
  • Internal spermatic fascia
  • Cremasteric fascia
  • External spermatic fascia

Deep to superficial

23
Q

Which part of the prostate does benign prostatic hyperplasia affect?

A

Central zone

24
Q

What is different about the gynaecoid pelvis?

A
  • Round inlet
  • Sub-pubic arch >90o
  • Ischial spinces not too prominent
  • Well curved sacrum
  • Well-rounded greater sciatic notch
  • Straight side walls
25
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A
  • Pubococcygeus
  • Puborectalis
  • Iliococcygeus
  • Coccygeus
26
Q

What is the purpose of the perineal body?

A
  • Fibromuscular node at junction between anterior and posterior perineum
  • Point of attachment for anal sphincter, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles and fibres of levator ani
  • Joints pelvic floor to perineum
27
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenic wave and spermatogenic cycle?

A
  • Cycle = describes the days it takes for consecutive cell divisions of spermatogonia to produce spermatocytes
  • Wave = describes how the production sweeps along the length of the seminferous tubule
28
Q

What is the role of testosterone in adults?

A
  • Causes spermatogenesis
  • Maintains internal genitalia
  • Metabolic effects
  • Behavioural effects
29
Q

What do Sertoli cells cause/release?

A
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Inhibin
30
Q

What is the difference between determinative effects and regulatory effects of sex hormones?

A

Determinative effects - qualitative and only partly reversible, mostly to do with sexondary sexual characteristics

Regulatory effects - highly reversible and rely on continous hormonal stimulation

31
Q

What are the determinative effects and regulatory effects of testosterone in males?

A

Determinative effects:

  • Increase size and mass of muscles, vocal cords, bones
  • Deepening of voice
  • Facial and body hair
  • Growth of penis

Regulatory effects:

  • Maintainence of male internal genitalia
  • Metabolic action
  • Behavioural effects - aggression, sexual activity
32
Q

At what stage is an ovum arrested at birth?

A

Prophase I

PPE Revision (16 decks)

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