Health Psychology

Question 1

What is the difference between stereotype, prejudice and discrimination?

Answer 1

Stereotype - cognitive component Prejudice - evaluative and affective component Discrimination - behavioural component

Question 2

What is classical conditioning in term of learning theories?

Answer 2

Association with other stimuli - behaviour becomes habit Pavlov’s dogs

Question 3

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Behaviour reinforced by rewards and punishments

Question 4

What is social learning theory?

Answer 4

Observe others’ behaviour and see what’s rewarded and and punished

Question 5

What is health belief model?

Answer 5

Focuses on cognitive factors in health-related behaviour, what beliefs etc influence decision making

Question 6

What are the 3 inputs for action according to the health belief model?

Answer 6

Beliefs about health threat (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity) Beliefs about health related behaviour (perceived benefits, perceived barriers) Cues to action

Question 7

Describe the stages of change (transtheorectical) model of health behaviour change

Answer 7

Pre-contemplation > contemplation > preparation > action > maintenance

Question 8

Define compliance

Answer 8

Extent to which the patient complies with medical advise

Question 9

Define adherence

Answer 9

Extent to which the patient’s behaviour coincides with medical advice

Question 10

Define concordance

Answer 10

Negotiation between patient and doctor over treatment regimens - implies patient is active and in partnership with doctor Patient’s beliefs and priorities are respected

Question 11

Describe Ley’s Model of Compliance

Answer 11

Question 12

Describe the transactional model of stress

Answer 12

Question 13

Describe gate control theory of pain

Answer 13

Pain messages pass through two neural relays/’gates’ in the spine on their way to the brain

The extent that the gates are open/closed affects the number of pain messages recieved

Question 14

Describe factors that open the gate (with regards to gate control theory)

Answer 14

• Injury
• Over/active active
• Stress/tension
• Focusing on pain-expectation
• Negative beliefs

Question 15

Describe factors that close the gate (with regards to gate control theory)

Answer 15

• Medication
• Counter stimulation
• Exercise
• Relaxation
• Distraction
• Positive emotions
• Positive beliefs
• Active life

Question 16

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of childhood cognitive development?

Answer 16

1. Sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
2. Pre-operational (2-7yrs)
3. Concrete operational (7-12yrs)
4. Formal operational (12yrs+)

Question 17

Describe sensorimotor stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of childhood cognitive development

Answer 17

• Experiences the world through senses and movement
• Develop body schemata
• Develop object permanence (object still exists even though they can’t see it)

Question 18

Describe pre-operational stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of childhood cognitive development

Answer 18

• Language development, symbolic thought, able to imagine things
• Egocentricism - difficulty seeing things from other’s perspective
• Classification by single feature

Question 19

Describe concrete operational stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of childhood cognitive development

Answer 19

• Think logically but concrete rather than abstract
• Classification by multiple features
• Able to see things from other’s perspective

Question 20

Describe formal operational stage of Piaget’s 4 stages of childhood cognitive development

Answer 20

• Abstract logic
• Hypothetic-deductive reasoning

Question 21

What are is the 5 stage grief model?

Answer 21

1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance