Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PT 509 Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the male reproductive system?

A

produce sperm

ejaculate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Testis: Function

A

Produce sperm
Secrete testosterone
*Temp is really important for viability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q 
Epididymis & Ductus Deferens 
Seminal Vesicle (fructose, prostaglandins motility)
Prostrate Gland (alkaline, neutralize)
Bulbourethral Gland (mucus, lubrication)
A

Produce semen to help transport the sperm

Allows sperm to be viable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ultimate male goal of reproductive?

A

fertilize egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Leydig Cells - produce testosterone (LH, FSH present), surrounds seminiferous tubules

Sertoli Cells - assists with sperm maturation, within seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sperm is produced every…

A

21 days after puberty hits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference between Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

A

Proliferation
F: prior to birth
M: after puberty

Primary Divisions:
F: 1
M: 4

Secondary Divisions:
F: upon fertilization
M: maturing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Females have an endpoint…

A

Menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prostate gland

A

Calcium, citrate ion, clotting enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Fructose, citric acid, nutrients, prostaglandins (motility), fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alkaline fluid

A

penetrates egg for fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Secondary male characteristics

A

facial hait, voice changes, muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the 1st sign of puberty?

A

enlargement of testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Semen contains…

A

fluids & sperm from vas deferens (10%)
seminal vesicles (60%)
prostate (30%)
bulbourethral gland

milky, mucoid consistency, fibrin coagulum (dissolves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Semen pH?

A

7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ejaculation contains how much sperm?

A

2-6 ml, 20-200 million sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is considered infertile?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is sperm’s max lifespan?

A

24-48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acrosomal vesicle are filled with…

A

enzymes to penetrate the egg wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA is contained in…

A

sperm nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Once sperm has penetrated…

Polysperma

A

we have granules that inactive receptors on the egg to not allow anymore sperm penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

+ testosterone

A

fetus will develop (2nd month)

penis, scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • testosterone
A

fetus will develop (2nd month)

clitoris, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the main driving factor for baby gender?

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

We are all born with…

A

Undifferentiated gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Wolffian ducts differentiate to…

A

male reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mullerian ducts differentiate to…

A

female reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function of testosterone

A 
body hair distribution
voice
skin
muscle development
born growth
calcium retention
inhibit osteoclasts
increases RBC
increases BMR
stimulates sodium/water resorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

DHT Functions

A

potent version of testosterone/androgen

controls growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gonadotropins stimulates…

A

Ant Pit to release…
LH (release testosterone)
FSH (acts on Sertoli, spermatogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Secretion of testosterone takes place by having…

A

LH

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

PSA

A

secretion from prostrate… high means cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can fuel cancer?

A

Testosterone

ADT can be given to decrease

34
Q

Aging & Males

A

decrease testis size
thickening of tubules
enlarge prostate glands
androgen deficiency… protein synthesis, bone grown, CV function
decrease memory changes, sexual interest, body mass, bone density
Andropause
Arteriosclerosis & ED

35
Q

What is the main function of the female reproductive system?

A

Maturation of eggs to lactation

36
Q

Ultimate male goal of reproductive?

A

Fertilization, produce mature egg every month

37
Q

Corpus luteum

A

produce hormone to prepare for fertilization

38
Q

Female hormones

A

Estraidiol - potent estrogen, prepares body for reproduction
Progesterone
FSH & LH

Low at the beginning…

39
Q

Menstrual cycle is controlled by…

A

gonoadotropins, gonadal hormones…
2 cycles…
Ovarian
Endometrial

40
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

1) Follicular phase: 15 days
2) Ovulatory phase: 1-3 days
3) Luteal phase: 13 days

41
Q

Endometrial cycle

A

Menstruation, proliferative, and secretory

42
Q

Ovarian cycle: Luteal Phase

A

LH dependent
Corpus luteum: E&P for inplantation blastocyte, maintain zygote… placenta
If no plantation… regress in 14 days

43
Q

Every 28 days…

A

Average cycle
Gonadotropic hormones cause 8-12 new follicles to grow in ovaries
At day 14, 1 matures

44
Q

After ovulation CL forms

A

E & P

45
Q

After 2 weeks CL degenerates

A

E & P decreases

46
Q

Most potent form of estrogen?

A

Estradiol

growth: ovaries, uterus, vagina, breasts
skin: increases vascularization
bones: inhibits osteoclastic activity, height increases

47
Q

Progesterone

A

secretory changes in uterus, breast development

48
Q

Phases of Endometrial Cycle

A

Proliferation: 11 (E, ovaries)
Secretory: 12 (P, CL)
Menstrual: 5 (Low E&P)

49
Q

Aging & Female

A

Perimenopause: changes in menstrual, sleep disturbances, increase blood temp, anxiety, depression

Premature ovarian failure: cessation of menstruation

50
Q

Menopause

A

No estradiol production
Reduction of estrogen
No negative feedback: LH/FSH (high levels)

51
Q

hCG

A

hormone that confirms pregnancy (7-10 days)
should be doubled in first dew days after fertilization
stimulates gender (testosterone)
inhibit contraction (early contractions are bad)
morning sickness, hormone fluctuation

52
Q

Placenta

A

nutrients for fetus
functions: gut, lung, kidney, production of progesterone
location of placenta is important (should be on top)

53
Q

Vitamin that is important for fetus nervous system

A

Folic acid

54
Q

Pregnancy: Estradiol

A

produced by CL, stir by hCG
placenta
increases uterine blood flow
estriol - excreted in urine (fetal well)

55
Q

Pregnancy: Estrogens

A

Stimulate continuous growth of uterine myometrium
Stimulate growth (w/ progesterone) of ductal tissue of breast
Relaxin, relaxes and softens maternal pelvic ligaments and symphysis pubis (expansion)

56
Q

Maternal Responses

A

Blood flow to placenta requires increased CO (40%)
BV increases (30%)
Kidney function (GFR 40%), (RBF 75%)
Insulin secretion (3rd mo)
Aldosterone, renin, angiotensinogen due to E
BP slightly

57
Q

Phases of Parturition

A

0: Conception to beginning of labor; quiescent uterus
1: Time of uterine activation to delivery
2: Delivery of fetus to placenta
3: Postpartum, involution

58
Q

“Positive Feedback”

A

baby’s head stretches cervix
stretch excites fundic contraction
fundic contraction pushes baby down and stretches cervix
cycle repeats

59
Q

Lactation

A

breast development begins at puberty due to estrogen

increases during pregnancy due to E, P, Prolactin: milk secretion

60
Q

Colostrum

A

1st milk, same proteins and lactose, no fat

61
Q

Suckling reflexes: positive feedback

A

prolactin-releasting factor, ant pit (prolactin)

nerve, post pit (oxytocin)

62
Q

Fetal development

A

baby weight doubles from 7 months to full term

last 6 weeks

63
Q

Dx of fetal

A

Noninvasive: transvaginal US
Invasive: amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetal blood sampling

64
Q

Breast Cancer

A

growth of tumor independent of estrogen & progesterone (ER-) (PR-)

HER+, human epidermal growth factor

65
Q

Two main types: Breast Cx

A

Ductal
Lobular

(18 types)

66
Q

Risk factors

A 
Not related to personal choice:
females
older
genetics (BRCA1/BRCA2)
Family hx
Personal hx
Race - white
Dense breast tissue
Early age menarche
prev chest rad
Related:
no childbirth or 1st childbirth >30
hormone therapy (menopause)
lack of breastfeeding
excessive alcohol consumption
obesity
lack of physical activity
67
Q

Cx cell changes

A 
irregularity
large vary shapes
cell size
less specialize
disorganization
lose control of normal growth
stop growth gene mutated apoptosis impaired
68
Q

Molecular basis of Cx

A 
genetics gone bad...
genetic damage
clonal expansion
targets:
proto-oncogenes
tumor supressor genes
genes of cell death
genes of DNA repair
69
Q

Causes of growth of Cx

A

1) Activation of growth promoting oncogenes, causes growth
2) Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, allow cx to grow
3) Alterations in genes that regulate apoptosis, can’t kill cx

70
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2

A

good genes, get mutated
Tumor supressor genes
Repairs DNA damage or rid of unprepared DNA

71
Q

BRCA1

A

60% risk breast cancer

40% risk ovarian

72
Q

BRCA2

A

50% risk breast cancer

20% risk ovarian

73
Q

Breast Cancer: Pathogenesis

A

1) Neoplasia originates form single cell by acquired genetic change
2) Cancer relevant genes: transform normal cells to malignant cells - oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes
3) Cx cells up regulate anti-apoptic factors, recent cell death

**Angiogenesis - biologic correlate of malignancy

74
Q

Breast Cx: Pathologic Features

A

Receptor status: ER, PR, HER2 (+/-)

HER2 (inconclusive)

75
Q

Breast Cx: Common type

A

HR+/HER2-, Luminal A
73%, need to turn off estrogen
best prognosis

76
Q

Breast Cx: Most difficult

A

HR-/HER2-, triple negative
nothing to target
worst prognosis

77
Q

Breast Cx: Features, stages

A

1) TNM
2) Tumor
3) Node
4) Metastasis

78
Q

Breast Cx: Manifestations

A 
Lump
Pulled nipple
Dimpling
Skin changes
Redness/Rash
Dripping
79
Q

Breast Cx: Dx

A 
Mammography
Biopsy
Fine needle
Aspiration
MRI
Biomarkers
80
Q

Breast Cx: Tx

A

Sx
Chemotherapy
Endocrine therapy

81
Q

HER2+, herceptin

A

normal: signals cell to grow and divide
abnormal: rapidly and grow divide too quickly

ejection fraction needs to be looked at…side effects

82
Q

Breast Cx: Endocrine Therapy

A

Antiestrogens

Aromatase - blocks estrogen production form binding

PT 509 Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions