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PT 509 Physiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Physiology

A

The function of the living organism and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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3
Q

The 3 Control Systems of the Body

A

1) Negative feedback
2) Feed-forward
3) Positive feedback

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4
Q

Negative feedback

A

promotes counteraction of an effect
most common
endocrine system

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5
Q

Feed-forward

A

anticipate change

salivating

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6
Q

Positive feedback

A

promotes an amplification of an effect

oxytocin

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7
Q

Main controllers for hormones of the body?

A

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

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8
Q

T3, T4 is decreased causes…?

A

TSH increase

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9
Q

T3, T4 is increased causes…?

A

TSH decrease

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10
Q

When there’s enough hormone it is detected in the blood by the gland and let’s the hypothalamus knows…this is what feedback?

A

Negative

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11
Q

Examples of Homeostasis in PT:

A

Blood pressure resets from supine to sitting
OR
Inflammation, as soon as there is an injury, our immune system kicks in right away, increase WBC to site of injury

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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

gatekeeper to our cell, keeps things in and out

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13
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cellular organelles

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

DNA and genetics

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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Smooth ER

Rough ER

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16
Q

Rough ER function:

A

contains ribosomes (synthesizes protein) for protein building & transport

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

to clear our debris within cell
digestion
phagocytosis

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18
Q

Mitochondria

A

extracts energy from nutrients
ATP production
two membranes & matrix
oxidative phosphorylation enzymes

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19
Q

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Centrioles

A

filaments that help form cell structure for function

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20
Q

Cell membrane

A

composed of lipid bi-layer
inside is hydrophobic
outside is hydrophilic
let’s in /out certain molecules

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21
Q

Two types of protein

A

sits on the peripheral (carrier)

spands length of membrane (integral - transports/receptors)

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22
Q

ER adjacent to Nucleus b/c…

A

transportation pathway to build protein

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23
Q

Smooth ER function:

A

lipid synthesis

after protein gets synthesize they can be carried here

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

receives transport vesicles from smooth ER
“processed”
concentrated, sorted, packaged for secretion

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25
Q

Peroxisomes

A

oxidize substances (alcohol)

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26
Q

Nucleus

A

Control Center

double nuclear membrane (for protection) and matrix

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27
Q

What is the maximum ATP molecules per 1 molecule of glucose?

A

38

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28
Q

What produces the most ATP?

A

Fat, but it takes too long

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29
Q

Carbohydrates breaks down to…

A

glucose

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30
Q

Proteins breaks down to…

A

amino acids

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31
Q

Fats breaks down to…

A

fatty acids

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32
Q

Glucose, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids breaks down to…

A

AcetylCoA

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33
Q

AcetylCoA breaks down to…

A

ATP

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34
Q

ATP use:

A

1) membrane transport (active transport)
2) synthesis of chemical compounds (building)
3) mechanical work (muscle contraction)

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35
Q

3 types of Cytoskeleton:

A

1) Actin filament (in many tissues)
2) Microtubule
3) Intermediate filament (DNA structure)

*Maintains structure of cell

36
Q

Why is knowing ALS important as a PT?

A

Inhibits movement, difficult time to send out action potentials to signal a production of movement
Neurofilaments are disrupted and impact the function of the cell.

37
Q

Proteins

A

most of the work
required for structure, function, regulation
20 AA

38
Q

Protein functions:

A 
Antibodies, IgG
Enzymes, ATPase
Messengers, growth hormone
Structure, cytoskeleton
Transport/storage, iron transport
39
Q

How do genes direct the production of proteins?

A

2 main steps to building protein

1) Transcription
2) Translation

40
Q

How is DNA coded?

A

different bases, organized by what type of RNA we form

41
Q

What is the 1st step of building protein?

A

Transcription

42
Q

What is the 2nd step of building protein?

A

Translation

43
Q

Translation cannot happen before transcription. T/F?

A

TRUE

44
Q

Translation occurs inside or outside the nucleus?

A

Outside

45
Q

Transcription occurs inside or outside of the nucleus?

A

Inside

46
Q

OUTPUT: Once protein is formed…

A

Cell structure
Cell enzyme
Cell function

47
Q

Transcription: Negative Regulation

A 
Turns on and off production
"repressor operators"
...bind repressor proteins
after binding... interferes RNA polymerase to bind to promoter
NO TRANSCRIPTION
48
Q

Transcription: Positive Regulation

A

“activator operators”
…bind activator proteins
facilitates RNA polymerase to promoter
ENHANCED TRANSCRIPTION

49
Q

What determines the rate of cell growth?

A

growth factors
contact inhibition
cellular secretions (negative feedback)

50
Q

Rapid types:

A

bone marrow, skin, intestinal epithelia

51
Q

Slow types:

A

smooth m., neuron, striated m.

52
Q

3 main types of genetic disorders:

A

1) single gene
2) chromosomal
3) multi-factorial

53
Q

Single gene disorder:

A

cystic fibrosis, mutation of CTFR (can’t move sodium)

54
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities:

A

down syndrome (3 chromosomes 21)

55
Q

Multifactorial disorders:

A

colon cancer (environmental, family hx, genetics, diet)

56
Q

Cell membrane: lipid bilayer

A

gatekeeper

in forms of receptors or channels

57
Q

Membrane proteins

A

specificity and function to a membrane

58
Q

Amount of Potassium (K)

A

High inside the cell

59
Q

Amount of Sodium (Na)

A

High outside the cell

60
Q

Normal resting state of K & Na is…

A

high K inside

high Na outside

61
Q

Carrier proteins are…

A

peripheral
push/drive ions through the membrane
transporting/carrying

62
Q

Integral proteins are…

A

ion channels (volted or chemically gated)

63
Q

Diffusion

A

no additional energy needed
down conc.
no mediator with or without channel protein (simple diffusion)

64
Q

Active Transport

A 
energy is needed
against conc.
involves carrier
1) Primary
2) Secondary
65
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Carrier-mediated diffusion
no energy/ATP
has a carrier protein (helping out) that is governing the movement

66
Q

Factors that affect net rate

A

pressure

gradient difference

67
Q

Osmosis

A

Net diffusion of water
No ATP
water moves down into conc gradient

68
Q

What is Primary Active Transport?

A 
molecules pumped against conc gradient w/ ATP usage
DIRECT
carrier protein on the plasma membrane
maintains Na/K balance
requires 1-2/3 cell energy
Na K ATPase

*happens a lot in the cells of our bodies

69
Q

What is Secondary Active Transport?

A

transport is driven by the energy stored in to conc gradient of another molecule (Na)
INDIRECT

co-transport mechanism
one is not going to come in w/o the other

70
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70mV to -90mV

71
Q

Action potential

A

rapid depolarization of membrane potential that propagates alone an excitable membrane

charges change to +

tells us to perform a task

all or non principle

72
Q

main functions of AP

A

1) info delivery to CNS
2) info encoding by frequency
3) rapid transmission over distance (nerve cells)

73
Q

small myelinated fiber will move…

A

fast

74
Q

non myelinated big will move…

A

slow

75
Q

MS is…

A

immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS
blocks nerve signal…effects movement

76
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • body cell’s begin to divide w/o stopping and spread to surroundings
  • can start almost anywhere
  • less specialized than normal cells
  • genetic disease
  • hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue divide faster and extra cells build up however the cells/tissue appear organized
77
Q

In situ

A

one site

78
Q

Invasive

A

spreads to outside…

79
Q

How does cancer change cell physiology?

A
  • irregularly shaped dividing cells
  • large nuclei
  • small cytoplasm’s volume to nuclei
  • variation in cell size/shape
  • loss of normal specialized features
  • disorganized
  • poorly defined tumor boundary
80
Q

Targets of genetic damage

A
  • proto-oncogenes
  • tumor suppressor genes
  • genes of cell death
  • genes of DNA repair
81
Q

Carciogenesis

A

genetic damage, multi-step process from accumulation of multiple genetic mutations

Clonal expansion - one cell can split to many cells, grow fast and spreads fast depending on type

82
Q

Oncogenes

A

promotes autonomous cell growth in cancer cells
proto-oncogenes/oncoproteins are only found when tumor is there

BAD genes

83
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

applies the brakes to cell proliferation

Transcription factor p53

84
Q

Proanergenic

A

tumor has it’s own blood supply…nutrients…

85
Q

Pathogenesis

A

1) Neoplasia originates from single cell by acquires genetic change
2) Cancer-relevant genes: transform normal cells to malignant cells (oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes)
3) Cancer cells up regulate anti-apoptotic factors
* *Angiogenesis - biologic correlate of malignancy

86
Q

Cancer tends to involve…

A

multiple mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic disease

PT 509 Physiology (9 decks)

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