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PT 509 Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What type of feedback system is the Endocrine?

A

Negative Feedback

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2
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

A

close proximity of hypothalamus and pituitary

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3
Q

Posterior Pituitary releases what two hormones?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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4
Q

What is the main controller?

A

Hypothalamus

then Pituitary
then Gland

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5
Q

Hypothalamus: hormone

A

thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)

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6
Q

Pituitary: hormone

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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7
Q

Thyroid: hormone

A

T3, T4

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8
Q

Hypophysyiotropic hormones

A

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels: specific circulatory vessels that allows release of hormones from hypothalamus to direct to anterior pituitary

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9
Q

TRH: actions on anterior pituitary

Hypophysyiotropic hormones

A

stimulates secretion of TSH

thyroid gland

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10
Q

CRH: actions on anterior pituitary

Hypophysyiotropic hormones

A

stimulates secretion of ACTH

adrenal cortex

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11
Q

GHRH: actions on anterior pituitary

Hypophysyiotropic hormones

A

stimulates secretion of GH

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12
Q

ACTH: physio actions

Anterior Pituitary hormones

A

stimulates production of glucocorticoids and androgens by the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

TSH: physio actions: physio actions

Anterior Pituitary hormones

A

stimulates production of thyroid hormones, T4 & T3

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14
Q

GH: physio actions

Anterior Pituitary hormones

A

stimulates postnatal body growth; stimulates secretion of IGF-1

increases lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, IGF-1

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15
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

formation of new glucose from the liver

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16
Q

IGF-1

A

main mediator of growth
improves glucose transport, enhance metabolism
can decrease at kidneys (homeostasis)

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17
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases lipolysis, gluconeogensis
Increases glucose transport
*from pancreas

18
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases lipolysis, gluconeogensis
Increases glucose transport
*from pancreas

19
Q

Thyroid gland

A

after hypothalamus

after pituitary

20
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

different then thyroid gland

makes T3/T4

21
Q

Thyroid hormone synthesis & secretion

A

depends on iodide

needs this to make T3/T4

22
Q

After iodide diffuses in it binds to…

A

thyroglobulin

23
Q

Thyroglobulin facilitates…

A

T3/T4

24
Q

T3/T4 splits up and then…

A

diffuses back into the blood stream

25
Q

Main action of thyroid gland?

A

increases metabolic rate***

Other actions
heat production
growth *CNS
sympathetic

26
Q

T4 pops off iodide then becomes…

A

T3 enters into target cell
Diffuses through nuclear membrane
Increases cardiovascular/metabolism

27
Q

Hyperthyroidism: causes

A

Graves’ disease: autoimmune

Excessive hormone production
Pituitary tumor
Thyroid tumor

*Weight loss

28
Q

Tumors can cause…

A

hypo & hyper

29
Q

Graves’ disease

A

autoimmune & endocrine, antibodies
persistant sim of thyroid gland
results in goiter

30
Q

Cortisol

A

hypothalamus: CRH
pituitary: ACTH
adrenal: cortisol
glucocortoid effects
*response to stress, relieves

31
Q

Insulin: Islet of Langerhans

A

Beta produces insulin
Alpha produces glucagon
*Counteracts each other
Uptake is needed to get out of blood…ATP can’t happen

32
Q

Main role of parathyroid glands?

A

regulate Ca

33
Q

3 sources of Ca? (PTH)

A

Bone
Kidney
Intestine

34
Q

PTH & Calcitonin

A

Decrease Ca
+ Parathyroid, - Thyroid C cells
Increase PTH, Increase Calcitonin
Increase Ca, Decrease Ca

Increase Ca
- Parathyroid, + Thyroid C cells
Increase PTH, Increase Calcitonin
Increase Ca, Decrease Ca

35
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Genetic, Environmental
B-Cell dysfunction
Hyperglycemia
Acute, Chronic

36
Q

DM 1 Patho

A

B-Cell destruction
T Cells failing to recognize B-cells as self
Attack B-Cells
*antibodies

37
Q

DM 2 Patho

A 
Fatty Acids
Adipokines
Inflammation
Insulin resistance
B-Cell dysfunction
38
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Inhibits glucose utilization and increase glucose production

39
Q

Adipokines

A

Horomones assoc w/ adipose
Increase w/ obesity: Leptin, Resistan, block insulin
Decreases w/ obesity: Adiponectin, enhances insulin

40
Q

Inflammation

A

Cytokines that block insulin response

TNF & IL-6

41
Q

Chronic complications: DM

A

Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Atheroscelerosis

42
Q

DM 1 Tx

A

Insulin

Diabetic Care Training

PT 509 Physiology (9 decks)

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