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PT 509 Physiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System breaks down into 2 categories:

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

CNS involves…

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

PNS involves…

A

Somatic

Autonomic (ANS)

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4
Q

ANS involves…

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Somatic involves…

A

Somatosensation (propriception, tactile/touch, temp, pain)
Special senses (smell, taste, vision, vestibular)
Motor system - voluntary

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6
Q

Basic components of most neurons

A 
cell body (soma)
dendrites
axon
axon terminals
myelin sheath
node of ranvier
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7
Q

Synapse:

A

electrochemical connection between 2 neurons

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8
Q

Subtypes:

A

pyramidal cells
interneurons
unipolar
bipolar

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9
Q

Input Zone aka:

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Factory aka:

A

Cell body

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11
Q

Integrative Zone aka:

A

Axon hillock

AP generated here

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12
Q

Conducting Zone aka:

A

Axon

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13
Q

Insulation aka:

A

Myelin Sheath

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14
Q

Node of Ranvier aka:

A

AP regeneration

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15
Q

Transmitting Zone

A

Synaptic terminals

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16
Q

Functional Classification of neurons (3):

A

Sensory
Motor
Autonomic

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17
Q

Glutamate

A

most common in the brain

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18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Activates skeletal m.

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19
Q

Left hemisphere

A

writing and movement of right side

language and tasks

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20
Q

Right hemisphere

A

touch and movement of left side

nonverbal, visual, spatial tasks

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21
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

exchange info between two sides

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22
Q

Lobes (5):

A 
Frontal (motor, speech, smell)
Parietal (touch/pressure, taste, body aware)
Temporal (hearing, facial recognition)
Occipital (vision)
Cerebellum (coordination)
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23
Q

Dorsal horn is towards the:

A

back, sensory

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24
Q

Ventral horn is towards the:

A

stomach, motor

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25
Q

Grey matter is:

A

cell bodies, dendrites

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26
Q

White matter is:

A

axons

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27
Q

Resting membrane potential (mV?):

A

-60 to -70 mV

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28
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ channels open

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29
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ inactivate

K+ channels open slower than Na+

30
Q

Refractory period

A

cell cannot evoke another AP

31
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

APs travel quickly down axons, myelinated due to this…

APs jump between node of Ranvier, increases velocity of AP along length of axon

32
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A 
AP reach axon terminal
Ca channels open
Ca2+ causes vesicles to release neurotransmitter
NT crosses synapse
NT binds to neuroreceptors
Trigger signal in post-synaptic neuron
33
Q

Somatosensory Axons (Tactile/ Proprioceptive) faster

A

A(alpha) fastest
A(beta) slower

tactile and proprioceptive signals
myelinated and fast

34
Q

Somatosensory Axons (Pain/Temp) slower

A

A(delta)
C, not myelinated (very slow)

pain and temperature
slow

35
Q

Two Somatosensory Pathways

A 
Dorsal Column (Medial Lemniscus)
Anterolateral (Spinothalamic)
36
Q

Slowly adapting (tonic)

A

transmit impulses to the brain for long periods of time

free nerve endings

37
Q

Rapidly adapting (phasic)

A

respond only when change is taking place
future position
balance, movement
rate and strength of response related to intensity of stim

38
Q

Dorsal Column (Medial Lemniscus)

A

touch, vibration, position, fine pressure
high degree of spatial acuity/detail
large myelinated

39
Q

Anterolateral (Spinothalamic)

A

pain, thermal sensations, crude, touch, pressure, tickle, itch, sexual sensations
low degree of spatial acuity/detail
small myelinated

40
Q

Pain receptors can be stimulated by

A

mechanical (stretch)
thermal
chemical

41
Q

3 Main Pain Pathways

A

Neospinothalamic
Paleospinothalamic/Spinoreticular (emotion/cognitive/autonomic)
Spino-Mesencephalic

42
Q

Referred pain:

A

Pain that is felt in the part of the body than the actual source

43
Q

Centralized pain:

A

stimulus is no longer there
constantly activated…
Not in PNS anymore, only in CNS

44
Q

Radiating pain:

A

nerve/nerve root along spinal cord is under pressure

source is irritation of axons

45
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

CNS

in motor cortex/brainstem

46
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

PNS
alpha - extrafusal, inside muscle contraction
beta
gamma - intrafusal, spindles (length)

ventral/anterior column/cranial nerve nuclei in brainstem
passes ventral or cranial

47
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Control and initiation of complex motor activity

48
Q

Cerebellum

A

muscle memory
coordinating muscle activity
ispilateral side

49
Q

Dysmetria

A

lack of coordination that causes one to over or undershoot the position of ones hand, arm, leg, eye (type of ataxia)

50
Q

Ataxia

A

lack of voluntary motor coordination

51
Q

Brainstem

A

Motor & sensory function of head & face

respiratory, cardiovascular, GI, eye, equilibrium

52
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotion, aggression, memory, reinforcing behaviors

Pain processing

hypothalamus & pituitary
affects/regulates neuroendocrine system

53
Q

Hypothalamus

A 
Collection of small nuclei w/ distinct functions
Major output pathway
Arterial pressure
Body temp
Fluid volume
Pituitary gland/Endocrine system
54
Q

Behavioral functions of Hypothalamus

A 
Controls ANS
eating
thirst
level of activity
rage
satiety
tranquility
fear
punishment reactions
sexual drive
55
Q

Role of Hypothalamus in Obesity

A

Leptin, released in adipose, acts on hypothal, decreases food consumption, increase energy
(stop in this hormone in people w/ Obesity)

Ghrelin, hungar hormone, released in GI, acts on hypothal, increases hunger, gastric acid secretion, GI mobility

56
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

activated by: spinal cord, brain stem, hypothal

SNS
PNS

57
Q

SNS, fight or flight

A 
increase HR
relax air ways
inhibit activity of stomach
inhibit activity of intestines
secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine
58
Q

PNS, rest and digest

A 
slow HR
constrict air ways
stim activity of stomach
inhibit release of glucose
stim gallbladder
stim activity of intestines
secretes acetylcholine
59
Q

2 Main types of stokes:

A

Hemorrhagic: bleeding within the brain

Ischemic: blood supply to part of the brain is halted

60
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

main cause: uncontrolled HTN, aneurysm, overdose anticoagulants

less common

61
Q

Ischemic

A

main cause: thrombosis (local), embolism (travels)

85% of strokes

62
Q

Cessation of blood flow is catastrophic for the brain b/c:

A

Excitotoxicity

Unable to produce ATP, depolarization of resting membrane potential

Release of glutamate, this lets Na and Ca into the neurons, excitation of the brain

Excessive Ca triggers cell death

63
Q

Symptoms of Stroke

A

Brain - confusion, trouble speech, dizziness, loss of balance, bad headache

Eyes - trouble seeing in one or both eyes

Stomach - thrown up (urge)

Body - tired

Legs - trouble walking

Face/Arm/Leg - numbness, weakness (unilaterally)

64
Q

Cerebellar Stroke

A

Signs: vertigo, headache, vomiting, ataxia

Much less common than strokes in cerebral hemispheres, 2-3% of all strokes

Locked In Syndrome

65
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

1) blood clot stops blood flow to a brain region
2) w/o oxygen and glucose, neurons begin to depolarize, loss of Na/K pump, neurons reach threshold and barrage of APs
3) many firing neurons release excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, lack of energy in presynaptic neuron causes glutamate transporters, normally removes transmitter from cleft, repute is no longer happening
4) postsynaptic neurons, bombarded with glutamate, many APs causes glutamate to spread, excessive Ca and Zinc enters cell
5) excessive intracellular Ca and Zinc causes cell death (apoptosis)

66
Q

Pathophysiology Stroke

A

lack O2… brain unable to produce ATP… depolarization of resting membrane potential
increased excitability of neurons releases glutamate…
glutamate receptors open… Ca Na into neurons… further excitation…
excessive Ca entry into cell causes apoptosis…

67
Q

Adaptations of Receptors

A

Continuous stimulus is applied, receptors respond rapidly first, but response declines sometimes until all APs cease

68
Q

Frontal lobe

A

speech
motor
smell

69
Q

Parietal

A

touch/pressure
taste
body awareness

70
Q

Temporal

A

hearing

facial recognition

71
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordination

72
Q

Occipital

A

vision

PT 509 Physiology (9 decks)

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