Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the pertinent investigations in the reproductive system?

Answer 1

1. Hormone level-
2. semen analysis
3. prostate specific antigen (PSA)- PSA levels in blood go up if the barrier between epithelium and bloodstream is damaged. 3 typical causes- cancer, bacterial infection, prostate infarction or destruction
4. Breast analysis
5. pap smear

Question 2

What is involved in semen analysis?

Answer 2

• volume
• sperm number
• sperms motility
• sperms morphology

Question 3

tell me about the prostate specific antigen PSA

Answer 3

a protein secreted in epithelial cells of teh prostate which can be traced in blood
-PSA 10- a prostatic biopsy will show cabcer in over 50% of cases

Question 4

Breast examination involves

Answer 4

1. CBE
   a) lateral portion
   b) medial portion
   c) nipple (for its elasticity and discharge)
2. Breast self-examination (BSE)
   slide 29 of lecture
   -when and how often- several days before and during menstruation, breast may feels wollen, painful, tender or lumpy
   -a week after period starts, when breast are least likely to be swollen and tender
   -adults should perform at least once a month

Question 5

pap smear

Answer 5

• ass. with a 50% reduction in cervical cancer mortality in developed countries
• recomm every 2 years for women who have had sex and intact cervic, commencing after 2 yrs of first sexual intercourse.

Question 6

Common conditions?

Answer 6

1. STI’s (STDs)
2. Male Conditions
   - BPH
   - prostatic carcinoma
3. Female conditions
   - premenstrual syndrome
   - breast cancer
   - endometriosis
   - pelvic inflammatory diseas
   - cervical cancer

Question 7

STI's
Chlamydia 
Pathophysiology 
diagnostic factors
managemnt 
complicatios

Answer 7

311

• m.c STD in the wold
• is uually asymptomatic in both men (50%0 and women (80%)
• Risk factors:
• age 25 and under
• frequent or recent change in sex partnet
• unprotected sex
• hx of prior STF
• black race
• low socioeconomic status

Diagnostic factors:

• asymptomatic
• dysuria and conjunctivitis
• penile/ vaginal discharge
• lower abdominal/ pelvic pain
• intermenstual bleeding

Managemnt:

• iradicate infection
• delay in the treatment increases risk of infertility
• antibiotci therapy
• rienfection common

complications:

• salpingitis
• reactive arthtis
• pelvic inflammatory disease and opthalmia neonatorum

Question 8

herpes Simplex 
what is it =?
Prevention 
Risk factros? 
diagnostic factors

Answer 8

Its infection with HSV-1 or 2 which can cause oral, genital and ocular ulcers. Primary episode occurs duirng initial infection with HSV, in which host lacks antibody respons .

Virus remains latent in body
-very common STI

Prevention:

• avoid sexual contact
• use condom

Risk factors:

• unprotected sex
• immunosupressed
• HIV infection
• young age
• female -female sex
• black race

Diagnostic factors:

• fever, malaise, headache
• tingling/ itching
• oainful genital/ oral ulcers
• inguinal lymphadenopathy
• dysuria (F)
• meningitis/ encephalitis (aseptic)

managment:

• antiviral therapy
• topical antivirals -effective if used at very early stage
• reduce contact when lesions are present.

pg311

Question 9

STI’s

Gonorrhoea

Answer 9

Any manifestation of infection by N gonorrhoeae
Atiology: sexually tranmitted, can be found in genital tract, pharynx and rectum
-humans only host

Diagnostic factors:

• mostly asymptomatic in women (50%)
• urethral/ vaginal discharge
• urethral/ vaginal discharge
• dysuria
• pelvic pain
• anal pruritus/ pain
• positive culture/ microscopy

Risk factors:

• age 15-24
• black
• male-male sex
• Hx of STD
• unprotected sex
• Hx of sexual or physical abuse
• substance use

Preventions:

• encourage delay of sex
• promoting monogamy
• using condoms with any penetrating sex

Management:

• antibiotics
• sex partners from previous 60 days are evaluated and treated

Complications: (more serious in F)

• epidiymo-orchitis, prostitis
• proctitis (inflammation of lining of anus and rectum)
• infertility (F)
• ophthalmia neonatorum (females)

Question 10

STI’s Anogenital warts -HPV (human papilloma virus)

Answer 10

• most prevelant form of viral genital lesion and is caused by infection of several types of HPV (6, 11, 16, 18)
• lesions appear with weeks to months after exposure.
• 16 and 18 have strong assosiation with genital carcinomas.
• skin to skin transmission
• lesion size ranges from a few millimetre to several cm
• no. and size increase during pregnancy
• lesions typically appear within weeks to months after exposure
• rarely transmitted to mouth during oral sex

Diagnostic factor:

• young age
• asymptomatic (except for warts)