Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 111 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are androgens?

A

male sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are estrogens?

A

female sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What temperature is ideal for the testes production of sperm?

A

3 degrees lower than body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What divides the scrotum into left and right?

A

a midline septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two sets of muscles and what do they do?

A

DARTOS - smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin

CREMASTER - skeletal muscle that raises the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

it is a network of veins covering the testicular artery to cool the incoming blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Each testicle is surrounded by two tunics. What are they called?

A

TUNICA VAGINALIS: derived from peritoneum (outer tunic)

TUNICA ALBUGINEA: the fibrous capsule (inner tunic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many lobules are the testes divided into?

A

250-300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two structures do the lobules contain?

A

1-4 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES: produce sperm cells

INTERSTITIAL CELLS: produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the pathway of sperm.

A 
seminiferous tubules->
rete testes->
efferent ductules->
epididymis->
ductus (vas) deferens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

it is the connective tissue sheath that runs from testes up into the pelvic cavity

it encloses nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three components of the penis?

A

ROOT

SHAFT

GLANS PENIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is another name for the foreskin?

A

prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the crura and what is its purpose?

A

it is the proximal end of the penis that is surrounded by muscle. It anchors the penis to the pubic arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain the internal structure of the penis.

A

contains the spongy urethra

and three cylinders of erectile tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis called?

A

CORPUS SPONGIOSUM: surrounds the urethra

CORPORA CAVINOSA: the paired dorsal erectile bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the epididymis? Describe its structure

A

the duct that receives sperm from the testes

head contains efferent tubules

the duct contains STERIOCILIA which pass nutrients to the sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How long does sperm stay in the epididymis?

A

20 days to mature and become motile.

can stay for several months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the epididymis during ejaculation?

A

the smooth muscle in its walls contract to expel sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the length of the uncoiled epididymis?

A

6m or 20 ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how long is the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

45cm or 18 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

it is what the vas deferens becomes when it expands towards the end after wrapping around the urinary bladder and coming back down behind it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

to gather sperm after it leaves the epididymis and expel it into the ejaculatory tract.

does this by having a thick wall of smooth muscle that contracts to generate strong peristaltic (pressure waves created by wave contractions) waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe what a vasectomy is and its rate of success.

A

It is the cutting and ligating (tying off) of the ductus (vas) deferens

nearly 100% effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three regions of the urethra?

A

PROSTATIC urethra: through the prostate gland

MEMBRANOUS urethra: between prostate and penis

SPONGY urethra: through penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A

produces viscous seminal fluid (60%) of the semen volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the characteristics of the seminal fluid?

A

it is alkaline - to neutralize the acidity of the female tract

contains FRUCTOSE and ASCORBIC acid; nutrients for sperm

contains a coagulating enzyme to assist sperm by clumping them together.

contains PROSTAGLANDINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What percent of the semen volume does the prostate secrete and what are the properties of its secretion?

A

produces 30% of the semen volume

milky, slightly acidic fluid that activates the sperm.
contains:
CITRATE - nutrient
ENZYMES - enhance motility
PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) - levels will rise with enlargement of prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands and what do they do?

A

They are pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate

prior to ejaculation they produce a thick clear mucus into the spongy urethra that:

lubricates glans penis and neutralizes any acidic urine left in the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is semen, how much is secreted and how many sperm are in each secretion?

A

the mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

only 2-5mL are ejaculated containing 20-150 million sperm/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Explain the process of erection.

A

Initiated by sexual stimuli (can be induced or inhibited by higher brain centers)

PARASYMPATHETIC reflex promotes the release of NO which causes vasodilation

corpora cavernosa expands and fills with blood compressing drainage vessels

corpus spongiosun’s purpose is to keep the urethra open

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the process of ejaculation

A

SYMPATHETIC SPINAL REFLEX causes responses from the genital organs:

contraction of ducts and accessory glands
constriction of sphincter and bladder
rapid contractions of bulbospongiosum muscles (propel sperm along the urethra)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

the sequence of events that produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a diploid and what is a haploid?

A

a diploid is a 2n cell. This is what most body cells are. they contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. (46 chromosomes total)

gametes are haploid (n) and contain only 23 chromosomes which allows for genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 3 processes in spermatogenesis?

A

MITOSIS - diploid spermatogonia divide to produce more spermatogonia

MEIOSIS - diploid spermatogonia produce haploid gametes (early spermatids)

SPERMIOGENESIS - early spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 3 important cells in the testes as relating to spermatogenesis?

A

SPERMATOGONIA: become gametes

SUSTENTACULAR (sertoli) cells: nurse cells that enclose and assist sperm cell in development

INTERSTITIAL cells: located outside seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Explain the process of the portion of spermatogenesis that involves mitosis.

A

spermatogonia (stem cells) in contact with the epithelial basal wall undergo mitosis producing 2 cells:

Type A: purpose is to maintain the germ cell line at the basal lamina.
Type B: move toward the lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Explain the process of the portion of spermatogenesis that involves meiosis.

A

this goes from spermatocytes to spermatids

MEIOSIS I : primary spermatocyte (2n) -> two secondary spermatocytes (n)

MEIOSIS II : each secondary spermatocyte (n) -> 2 spermatids (n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Explain the process of the portion of spermatogenesis that involves spermiogenesis.

A

this goes from spermatids to sperm

spermatids lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail becoming spermatozoa (sperm)

40
Q

What are sustentacular cells?

A

they are the large supporting cells that extend from the wall of the tubule and surround the developing cells.

assist in sperm cell development by:
providing nutrients and signals and removing excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermiogenesis.

secrete fluid for sperm transport

form the blood-testis barrier

41
Q

What is the blood-testis barrier?

A

it is formed by the nurse cells in the testes and prevents the sperm antigens from escaping into the blood where they would activate the immune system.

tight junctions between nurse cells form two compartments:

BASAL compartment: spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes
ADLUMINAL compartment: meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen

42
Q

What produces androgen binding protein (ABP)?

A

the sustentacular cells

43
Q

Why would the sperm antigens activate the immune system of the body if they escaped into the blood?

A

because spermatogenesis does not begin until puberty. This means that because the immune system develops early in life, it will not recognize these cells as “self”

44
Q

explain the HPG axis (the relationship between the hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads in hormonal control of reproduction.

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnRH stimulates pituitary to release LH and FSH
LH stimulates the interstitial cells to release testosterone
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to release ABP and inhibin

ABP increases spermatogenic cell’s susceptibility to testosterone. Testosterone causes the cells to proceed with spermatogenesis

rising testosterone and inhibin levels cause the hypothalamus to stop releasing GnRH

45
Q

What is testosterone synthesized from?

A

cholesterol

46
Q

How does testosterone exert its effects?

A

by being converted to:

DIHYDROTESTERONE in the prostate
ESTRADRIOL in the neurons of the brain

47
Q

What does testosterone do?

A
  • stimulates spermatogenesis
  • maintains accessory organs
  • produces sex drive

Secondary characteristics:
hair growth, voice deepening, skin thickening, bone growth and density, and enhances development of skeletal muscles

48
Q

What is the purpose of the ovaries?

A

to produce haploid gametes and hormones

49
Q

What are the three ligaments that hold the ovaries in place?

A

OVARIAN LIGAMENT: anchors ovary to the uterus

SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT: anchors ovary to the pelvic wall

MESOVARIUM: suspends the ovary in between the uterus and pelvic wall

50
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

it supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

it also contains the suspensory ligament and the mesovarium

51
Q

what is the layer that surrounds the ovaries?

A

a fibrous tunica albuginea

52
Q

What are the two regions of the ovaries?

A

OUTER CORTEX: contains ovarian follicles

INNER MEDULLA: large blood vessels and nerves

53
Q

What is a follicle in the ovary?

A

it is an immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by:

  • follicle cells (one layer thick)
  • granulosa cells (when more than one layer is present)
54
Q

Go through the 8 stages of development of an egg.

A

PRIMORDIAL follicle: squamous follicle cells + oocyte

PRIMARY follicle: cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte

SECONDARY follicle: 2+ layers of granulosa cells + oocyte

LATE SECONDARY follicle: fluid filled cavities begin to form. CT (theca folliculi) and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens. Zona pellucida forms around the oocyte.

VESICULAR follicle: fluid filled cavities are now one large cavity called antrum. follicle now bulges the wall of the ovary

OVULATION oocyte ejected. some claim to feel pain.

CORPUS LUTEUM: develops from remaining follicle. secretes progesterone and estrogen.(if pregnancy happens will fill this role until 3 months when placenta takes over)

CORPUS ALBICANS: scar tissue develops if impregnation does not occur within 10 days

55
Q

What are the three organs in the female duct system?

A

uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts

uterus

vagina

56
Q

What do the fallopian tubes do?

A

receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization

57
Q

Describe the structure of the fallopian tubes.

A

Not directly connected to the ovaries

smooth muscle in walls create peristalsis

non-ciliated cells: nourish the oocyte and sperm

supported by the mesosalpinx ligament

58
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the outer 1/3 of the fallopian tubes and the site of usual fertilization

59
Q

What are the fimbriae?

A

they are the finger-like projections of the infundibulum

60
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

it is the distal end of the ampulla. It is a cone like structure that rests near the ovary

61
Q

What are the three sections of the uterus?

A

fundus: top of the uterus
body: midsection

Isthmus: the narrow bottom part of the uterus superior to the cervix

62
Q

What is the cervix?

A

the narrow outlet into the vagina from the uterus

opening on each end called:
internal and external os

63
Q

Where are the cervical glands located and what is there purpose?

A

they are located in the cervical canal.

they secrete mucus to block of the cervix and the external os to protect bacteria from entering the uterus

during mid cycle it becomes less viscous to allow sperm in.

64
Q

What supports the uterus?

A

laterally by the mesometrium (portion of the broad ligament)

lateral cervical ligaments to walls of pelvis

uterosacral ligaments secure uterus to the sacrum

round ligaments bind to the anterior wall

65
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A

Perimetrium: serous later

Myometrium: thick layers of smooth muscle

Endometrium: mucosal lining of simple columnar epithelium of CT

66
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionalis: shed at menstruation

stratum basale: the basement layer that forms a new functionalis after menstruation

67
Q

Describe the vascular supply of the endometrium.

A

straight arteries in the stratum basale

spiralling arteries in the stratum functionalis

68
Q

How is the stratum functionalis shed during menstruation?

A

through spasms of the spiral arteries

69
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the vagina?

A

outer fibro elastic

middle smooth muscle

inner mucosa releases glycogen (this is then converted to lactic acid and gives the vagina its acidic properties)

70
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis

71
Q

What are the labia majora and minora?

A

majora is the outer hair covered fatty skin folds

minora: inner skin folds lying within the majora

72
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

the recess between labia minora

73
Q

What are the greater vestibular glands?

A

just posterior of the vaginal opening

purpose is to secrete lubricant for the vagina during intercourse.

74
Q

What is the clitoris made of?

A

erectile tissue hooded by prepuce

glans clitoris: exposed portion

75
Q

Describe the mammary glands and there structure.

A

they are modified sweat glands of 15-25 lobes

AREOLA: pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

SUSPENSORY ligaments: attach the breast to the underlying muscle

Lobules within the lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk

76
Q

Describe the path of milk.

A

milk -> lactiferous ducts -> lactiferous sinuses -> open to the outside of the nipple

77
Q

List the traits of breast cancer including how it arises, its risk factors, and treatment.

A

usually arises from the epithelial cells of small ducts.

RISK FACTORS: early onset of menstruation and late menopause, no pregnancies or late first pregnancy, family history

10% are due to heredity defects
70% of women have no risk factors

Treatment: depends on severity
radical mastectomy - removing the whole breast
lumpectomy - removing the lump
simple mastectomy - removing breast tissue only

78
Q

Describe the overall hormonal control in the female reproductive system.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS (day 1)
I
GnRH
I
anterior pituitary
I
FSH and LH
I
ovaries
I
growth of several follicles and releasing of estrogen. estrogen stimulates synthesis and storage of FSH and LH and further stimulates release of estrogen.
I
High estrogen levels at day 14 trigger pituitary to release a surge of LH which triggers ovulation and corpus luteum development
I
Corpus luteum releases progesterone and estrogen and inhibits FSH and LH. Dropping FSH and LH ends luteal activity
I
Days 26-28 corpus luteum degenerates and ovarian hormone levels drop. Cycle restarts.

79
Q

When does oogenesis and spermatogenesis begin?

A

spermatogenesis: at puberty
oogenesis: in fetal development

80
Q

describe the process of oogenesis.

A

initial cell called the oogonium (2n)
-undergoes mitosis to produce the primary oocyte (housed in the primordial follicle)

Primary oocyte begins meiosis, but halts at prophase I

Each month a few cells are activated, one undergoes meiosis

ejects 1st polar body and new cell is called the secondary oocyte

secondary oocyte arrests in meiosis II and is ovulated. if penetrated by sperm, meiosis continues

ejecting 2nd polar body and resulting in an ovum

81
Q

What are the differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A

gamete production: in males starts at puberty and continues for life. In females it is in fetal development and have about 400k left at puberty

each primary spermatocyte yields 4 functional sperm cells. Each primary oocyte yields only one functional egg cell.

all spermatocytes complete meiosis II, only oocytes penetrated by a sperm cell will complete meiosis II.

82
Q

Describe the phases of the ovulation cycle

A

it is a 28 day cycle

FOLLICULAR phase: days 1-14 (follicle growth)

OVULATION day: 14

Luteal phase: days 14-28 (corpus luteum activity)

83
Q

What prevents ovulation before puberty?

A

the ovaries secreting small amounts of estrogens that inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH

84
Q

What are the three phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle

A

MENSTRUAL phase: days 1-5

PROLIFERATIVE phase: days 6-14

SECRATORY phase: days 15-28

85
Q

What happens during the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle?

A

ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) are at their lowest level

FSH (gonadotropins) are beginning to rise

Stratum functionalis sheds

86
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Developing follicles secrete estrogen

ESTROGEN: prompts generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in the endometrium

glands ENLARGE and spiral arteries inc in number

87
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

Corpus luteum secretes estrogen and Progesterone triggers further development of endometrium.

glandular secretion of GLYCOGEN

formation of CERVICAL PLUG

88
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur?

A

corpus luteum degenerates resulting in falling progesterone

spiral arteries kink and spasm

endometrial cells begin to die

spiral arteries constrict again and then relax and flood blood in which causes capillaries to fragment and the stratum functionalis to shed

89
Q

What are some of the effects of estrogen apart from the cycle?

A

rising levels at puberty:

  • promote oogenesis and follicle growth
  • exert anabolic affects on the female repro tract
  • causes a short growth spurt because it also causes epiphyses of bones to close off
  • induce secondary sex characteristics: breasts, fat, widening of pelvis
  • metabolic changes (reduced cholesterol and facilitates Ca2+ uptake)
90
Q

Why does it make sense that more older woman suffer from osteoporosis than men?

A

because estrogen contributes to the uptake of calcium and its levels drop after menopause.

91
Q

What are the effects of progesterone during pregnancy?

A

during pregnancy inhibits uterine contractions and prepares breasts for lactation

92
Q

Explain what gonorrhea is and give its characteristics.

A

bacterial infection

SYMPTOMS: males: urethritis, painful urination, discharge of pus.
females: 20% asymptomatic, abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge or abnormal uterine bleeding

can result in sterility and pelvic inflammatory diseases

TREATMENT: antibiotics, but becoming resistant

93
Q

list the characteristics of syphilis.

A

it is a bacterial infection transmitted sexually or congenitally

infants are born stillborn or die shortly after death
no symptoms 2-3 weeks after infection

painless sore appears but lasts a few weeks

secondary signs will appear 3-12 weeks later then disappear: pink skin rash, fever, joint pain

may progress to tertiary stage characterized by lesions of CNS, blood vessels, bone and skin

TREATMENT: penicillin

94
Q

list the characteristics of chlamydia

A

most common bacterial STI and cause of infertility among women

causes 25-50% of pelvic inflammatory disease

SYMPTOMS: urethritis, discharges, abdominal, rectal, and testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menses

can cause arthritis and UTI in males

TREATMENT: tetracycline

95
Q

list the characteristics of trichomoniases.

A

caused by a parasitic protest

most common curable STI among sexually active

SYMPTOMS: many have none, yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor.

Easily treated

96
Q

List the characteristics of genital warts.

A

second most common STI. (caused by HPV) viral

increases the risk of cancers in infected body regions (ex cervical)

treatment is difficult and controversial (what sex should be vaccinated)

97
Q

List the characteristics of genital herpes.

A

viral infection. very difficult to treat, has latent periods with flare ups.

spread by direct skin contact when virus is active or with infectious secretions.

TREATMENT: acyclovir and other antiviral drugs

Anatomy and Physiology 111 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions