chapter 8 - joints Flashcards
what are the 3 functional classes of joints?
synarthroses - no movement
ampphiarhtroses - slight movement
diaarthroses - free movement
what are the 3 structural classes of joints?
fibrous - joined by fibrous CT
cartilaginous - joined by cartilage
synovial - inside fluid filled cavity
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
SUTURES - bones joined by short fibers (cranial bones). Allows for growth during youth.
SYNDESMOSES - bones joined by ligaments. Allows none to slight movement (distal tibiofibular joint)
GOMPHOSES:
-peg in socket (no movement). teeth anchored in sockets
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
SYNCHONDROSES:
-bones joined together by a pad of hyaline cartilage
-are synarthrotic
ex sternum with first ribs
SYMPHYSES:
-bones joined together by pad of fibrocartilage
-strong/flexible amphiarthroses
ex pubic symphysis
List and briefly describe the 6 major structures of synovial joints.
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE: covers ends of bones
JOINT (SYNOVIAL) CAVITY: contains lubricating fluid
ARTICULAR (JOINT) CAPSULE: encloses joint articulation
-2 layers, outer is dense-irregular CT and inner is synovial membrane
SYNOVIAL FLUID: produced by synovial membrane. Lubricates and nourishes joint cavity
LIGAMENTS: reinforce outside of capsule
RICH NERVE/VESSEL SUPPLY:
- nerves to detect pain
- capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid
List and describe the other 3 structures that may be found in synovial joints
BURSAE and TENDON SHEATHS:
fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. Ease movement by reducing friction
FATTY PADS: between fibrous capsule and bone
MENISCI: cartilage wedges or discs that stabilize the joint
What affects the stability of synovial joints?
Shape
Number and location of ligaments
Muscle tone - determines tautness of tendons across joint
What is inversion/eversion?
inversion: turning the sole medially
eversion: turning the sole laterally
What is protraction/retraction?
protraction: anterior movement of the jaw
retraction: posterior movement of the jaw
What is elevation/depression?
elevation: movement up
depression: movement down
ex jaw
What is opposition?
pushing tip of fingers against tip of thumb
What are the 4 classes of movement?
non axial - movement along no plane
uniaxial - along one plane
biaxial - along two planes
multiaxial - along all planes
List the 6 types of synovial joints and describe them as uni, bi, or multiaxial.
PLANE: Non axial
flat articular surfaces slide over each other
ex intercarpals
HINGE: uniaxial
ex elbow
PIVOT: uniaxial
rounded end of one bone into a sleeve/ring of another
ex proximalradioulnar
CONDYLOID: biaxial
both articular surfaces are oval
ex metacarpal/phalangeal joints
SADDLE: biaxial
greater freedom of movement than condyloid
ex thumb carpal/metacarpal
BALL-AND-SOCKET: multiaxial
most freely moving of all
ex shoulder and hip joints
What is the easiest joint to dislocate in the body?
temporomandibular
What are the 3 common joint injuries?
SPRAINS: stretched/torn ligaments
partial tears will heal themselves slowly
complete tears require surgical repair
CARTILAGE TEARS:
cartilage has poor healing qualities so will require surgical repair (rarely heals itself)
fragments can cause locking/binding
DISLOCATIONS (luxations):
bones are forced out of alignment
accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
Subluxation: partial dislocation of joint
List the three inflammatory and degenerative conditions.
BURSITIS: inflammation of bursa usually by blow/friction. Treated with rest, ice, and if severe anti-inflammatory drugs
TENDONITIS: inflammation of tendon sheaths typically by overuse. Treat same as bursitis
ARTHRITIS: damage to joints. many types
most common crippling disease
acute: bacteria (antibiotics)
chronic: osteo, rheumatoid, and gouty
Describe osteoarthritis. (OA)
Wear and tear arthritis (85% of all ppl develop this)
more common in men below 50 and woman over 50
- more cartilage is destroyed than is replaced.
- exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, and restrict movement
treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin cream
Describe rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
autoimmune disease of unknown cause
affects 3x more woman than men
- Inflammatory blood cells migrate to the joint and release inflammatory chemicals.
- inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus which erodes cartilage forming scar tissue until bone ends connect
Treatment:
conservative: aspirin, long term use of antibiotics, and physical therapy
progressive: anti-inflammatory drugs or immunosuppressants
response modifier drugs neutralize inflammatory chemicals
Describe gouty arthritis
deposition of uric acid crystals in joints/soft tissue followed by inflammation
typically affects the joint at the base of great toe and it goes untreated ends will gradually fuse
treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoid alcohol
Lyme disease
caused by bacteria from tick bite
symptoms: skin rash, flu like symptoms and foggy thinking, may lead to joint swelling, pain and arthritis
treatment: antibiotics
