Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 111 > chapter 17 - blood > Flashcards

chapter 17 - blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 components of blood?

A

plasma: 55% (fluid matrix)

formed elements: 45% (cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three cells that make up the formed elements?

A

erythrocytes - RBC
Leukocytes - WBC
Thrombocytes - platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the colour of blood dependent on?

A

oxygen levels.
High O2 = bright red
Low O2 = dark red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45 slightly basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the normal temp of blood?

A 
37 degrees (periphery)
38 degrees (core)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What percent of body weight does blood amount to?

A

8%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the average volume of blood in a person

A

5L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A
  1. transport of: oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and other molecules
  2. regulation of temperature and pH (important to enzyme activity) and blood volume (pressure maintenance)
  3. protection against blood loss (hemostasis) and infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give a percentage breakdown of the components of blood plasma.

A

90% water

8% proteins

2% dissolved materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give a percentage breakdown of the components that make up the protein component of blood plasma.

A

60% albumin - maintains osmotic balance, carrier proteins, and pH buffers

36% globulins - transport proteins and antibodies

4% clotting proteins like fibrinogen and prothrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristics of erythrocytes (RBC)

A
  • bioconcave discs (large surface area)
  • no nucleus
  • lose most of their organelle as they mature to max space avail for hemoglobin (97% hemoglobin)
  • no mitochondria, use anaerobic respiration for ATP
  • flexible protein skeleton to squeeze through small capillaries

5 million/microlitre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most numerous formed element

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

iron binds reversibly with hemoglobin: oxyhemoglobin

globin binds reversibly with CO2: carbaminohemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the structure of hemoglobin

A

Consists of two alpha and two beta chains (think like a four square)

Heme pigment is bonded to each of these chains (heme has one iron atom in each)

Iron atom can each bind with one 02 (4 O2/hemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?

A

125,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three types or names for hemoglobin as they travel throughout the body?

A

Oxyhemoglobin - result of O2 loading in the lungs

Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced hemoglobin) - result of O2 unloading in the tissues

Carbaminohemoglobin - result of CO2 loading in the tissues

17
Q

What is the process of forming blood cells called?

A

hematopoiesis

18
Q

Where does blood formation occur and what cells do they arise from?

A

in the red bone marrow

hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
-give rise to all types of blood cells

19
Q

What is the process of forming RBCs called?

A

Erythropoiesis

20
Q

Describe the process of erythropoiesis

A

starts with hemocytoblast cell

nucleus begins fairly large and has organelle
nucleus slowly shrinks and organelle number decreases as the cell fills with hemoglobin

eventually get to the reticulocyte stage where they have very a very small nucleus

last step is to eject/pinch off the nucleus to become a fully developed erythrocyte

21
Q

What percent of RBCs are reticulocytes?

A

1-2%

22
Q

Explain the control mechanism for the stimulation of erythropoiesis and what is the result of too many erythrocytes in the blood?

A

Hypoxia (decreased oxygen levels in blood) is detected by kidney (primary responder) and liver.

they then release erythropoietin (EPO hormone) which stimulates production.

Too many erythrocytes results in an increase in blood viscosity which increases heart strain

23
Q

What are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis?

A

iron
B12
folic acid (for globin synthesis)

24
Q

what is the lifespan of erythrocytes? explain what limits their lifespan and what happens to the by-products when they die.

A

about 100 days

because they do not have nucleus/organelles, they cannot synthesize proteins for cell repair

macrophages engulf dying RBCs in the spleen

  • iron of heme is recycled and rest of heme goes in feces
  • globin is recycled: amino acids used to make new proteins
25
Q

What is anemia

A

it is the hypoxia as a result of erythrocyte disorders (many types)

blood has abnormal low O2 carrying capacity and cannot support normal metabolism

symptoms: fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, and chills

26
Q

What are the causes of anemia and give some examples of each

A

INSUFFICIENT ERYTHROCYTES: hemorrhagic, hemolytic (premature rupturing of RBC), aplastic (destruction or inhibition of red bone morrow), lack of EPO (kidney failure)

LOW HEMOGLOBIN:
iron-deficiency (diet or impaired iron absorption)
pernicious anemia (cannot absorb b12 which is necessary for iron absorption)

ABNORMAL HEMOGLOBIN:
Sickle-cell (defective genes result in rigid hemoglobin. RBC become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations and can’t travel through capillaries effectively resulting in hypoxia
Thalassemias (absent or faulty globin chain. RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in hemoglobin)

27
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

excessive RBCs causing inc blood viscosity

results from:
Polycythemia vera - bone marrow cancer
Secondary polycythemia - less O2 is available (high altitude) or when EPO production increases
Blood doping - Injecting EPO

28
Q

What are some general characteristics of leukocytes? (How long do they live and how many are there)

A

4-11,000/microliter

  • have nuclei
  • lifespan days to years (can last whole life)

if you have excessive WBC count (over 11k) it is called leukocytosis

29
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

a type of amoeboid motion used by leukocytes to move in and out of capillaries (wiggling)

30
Q

What are the two sub groups of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes: have vvisible cytoplasmic granules when stained
agranulocytes: no visible (too small to see) cytoplasmic granules when stained)

31
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

NEUTROPHILS: (first responder)

  • most numerous WBC
  • multi-lobed nucleus
  • fine granules (lilac colored) contain hydrolytic enzymes or defensins

EOSINOPHILS: (common in parasitic infections)

  • release hydrolytic enzyme to digest from the outside
  • coarse pink staining granules in cytoplasm
  • help moderate immune responses - severity of allergic responses

BASOPHILS:

  • rarest WBC
  • large purplish-black staining granules contain an inflammatory chemical (acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs)
  • releases anticoagulant heparin
32
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

LYMPHOCYTES:

  • large, circular, dark purple nuclei
  • thin cytoplasm
  • crucial to immunity, T-cells activate immune response, B-cells produce antibodies (gammalobulin)

MONOCYTES:

  • largest type of leukocyte (WBC)
  • dark purple kidney shaped nuclei
  • abundant cytoplasm
  • become macrophages
33
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

the process of production of WBCs

34
Q

Explain how leukopoiesis works.

A
  • stimulated by chemical messengers from WBC or bone marrow
  • all leukocytes originate from hemocytoblasts
  • 2 types of pathways: lymphoid produces lymphocytes, myeloid produces all others
35
Q

What is the acronym for remembering all of the leukocyte names?

A

Never Let a Monkey Eat Bananas

36
Q

What are the three leukocyte disorders you should know?

A

LEUKOPENIA: abnormally low WBC - usually drug induced

LEUKOCYTOSIS: high WBC count

LEUKEMIAS:

  • bone marrow totally occupied with cancerous leukocytes
  • immature/non-functional WBCs released into blood
  • insufficient RBCs and thrombocytes (platelets) produced)
  • death usually caused by internal hemorrhage and infections
  • two types myelocytic and lymphocytic

INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS:
-viral. usually self limiting but can be complications. results in abnormal appearing of monocytes in blood

37
Q

What are thrombocytes (platelets).

A
  • small fragments of megakaryocytes
  • regulated by thrombopoietin
  • lives 5-9 days

250k-450k/microliter
initiates hemostasis

Anatomy and Physiology 111 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions