Chapter 10 - muscle systems Flashcards
List the 8 major muscles of the head and neck.
frontalis zygomaticus orbicularis oculi orbicularis oris masseter temporalis sternocleidomastoid splenius
Frontalis
Origin: galea aponeurotica
Insertion: skin of the eyebrows
function: raises eybrows and wrinkles forhead (surprise)
Zygomaticus
Origin: zygomatic bone
Insertion: skin at the corner of the mouth
Function: raises corner of the mouth (smiling)
Orbicularis oculi
Origin: frontal and maxillary bones
Insertion: tissue of the eyelid (circular)
Function: opening and closing of the eyelids (blinking)
Orbicularis oris
Origin: zygomatic bone and maxillary bones
Insertion: skin around the mouth (encircles)
Function: closing/pursing of lips (kissing)
Masseter
Origin: zygomatic arch and maxillary bones
Insertion: angle and ramus of the mandible
Function: PM of jaw closure
Temporalis
Origin: temporal fossa
Insertion: coronoid process of the mandible
Function: assists with jaw closure, maintains at resting state of jaw.
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin: manubrium and sternal portion of the clavicles
Insertion: mastoid process of the temporal bone
Function: when they act together results in flexion of the head. When a single side activates results in tilting towards that side and rotation away from it.
Splenius
Origin: C7-T6
Insertion: C2-4 and mastoid process of temporal bone
Function: when they act together result in extension/hyperextension of the head. When one side acts results in rotation and tilting to that side
List the 3 muscles of the abdomen
Rectus Abdominis
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Rectus Abdominis
Origin: pubis
Insertion: sternum and ribs 5-7
Function: flexion and rotation at waist. Stabilizes pelvis while walking
External Oblique
Origin: lower 8 ribs
Insertion: iliac crest, pubic tubercle, linea alba
Function: trunk rotation and lateral flexion. Stabilize core
Internal Oblique
Origin: iliac crest, and lumbar fascia
Insertion: costal margin, last 3 ribs, linea alba
Function: trunk rotation and lateral flexion. stabilizes the core.
List the 4 muscles of respiration
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Internal Intercostals
Pectoralis Major
Diaphragm
Origin: lower edge of rib cage, lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: central tendon
Function: as it contracts it thins increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. Inspiration
External Intercostals
Origin: inferior border of the rib above
Insertion: superior border of the rib below
Function: top rib is held in place by other muscles, this results in the rib cage moving up increasing thoracic volume for Inspiration
Internal Intercostals
Origin: superior border of rib below
Insertion: inferior border of the rib above
Function: bottom rib is held in place resulting in the rib cage being pulled down decreasing thoracic volume for forced expiration.
List the 7 muscles of the shoulder, back, and arm
Trapezius Deltoid Pectoralis Major Latissimus dorsi Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii Brachialis
Trapezius
Origin: nuchal lines of the occipital bone, spines of C7-T12
Insertion: acromion and spine of scapula
Function: stabilizes and moves scapula
Deltoid
Origin: acromion and spine of scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Function: PM abduction, if half activates results in flexion/extension and rotation
Pectoralis Major
Origin: sternum, sternal end of clavicle, costal cartilages of ribs 1-6
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Function: PM arm flexion. Powerful adduction. Raises the sternum for forced inspiration.
Latissimus dorsi
Origin: last 6 thoracic, lumbar, iliac crest, and bottom 3 ribs
Insertion: intertubicular sulcus of the humerus
Function: PM of extension, powerful adductor, medial rotation.
Biceps Brachii
Origin: coracoid process
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Function: PM flexion of the elbow and supination of forearm
Triceps Brachii
Origin: infraglenoid tubercle and posterior shaft of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of the ulna
Function: PM of extension at the elbow
Brachialis
Origin: anterior distal humerus
Insertion: coronoid process of the ulna
Function: aids in flexion of the elbow
What are the 2 muscles of the Iliopsoas?
Psoas major
Iliacus
Psoas Major
Origin: lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Function: flexion and lateral rotation of thigh. Plays a part in lateral flexion of vertebrae (posture)
Iliacus
Origin: Iliac fossa
Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur
Function: flexion and lateral rotation of thigh
What are the 4 muscles in the quadriceps group?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Rectus femoris
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
Insertion: patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity
Function: knee extension, hip flexion
Vastus lateralis
Origin: greater trochanter of the femur
Insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via quadriceps and patellar tendons
Function: knee extension and stabilization
Vastus lateralis
Origin: greater trochanter of the femur
Insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via quadriceps and patellar tendons
Function: knee extension and stabilization
Vastus intermedius
Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of the proximal shaft of femur
Insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via quadriceps and patellar tendons
Function: knee extension
Vastus medialus
Origin: intertrochantric line of femur
Insertion: patella and tibial tuberosity via quadriceps and patellar tendons
Function: knee extension and stabilization
What is the longest muscle in the body?
the sartorius
List the 3 muscles in the gluteal group.
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus maximus
Origin: illium and sacrum
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity of femur
Function: thigh extension and rotation
Gluteus medius
same as gluteus minimus
Origin: ilium
Insertion: femur
Function: abducts and rotates thigh
Gluteus minimus
same as gluteus maximus
Origin: ilium
Insertion: femur
Function: abducts and rotates thigh
List the muscles in the hamstrings group
Biceps femoris
Semitendinous
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Function: thigh extention, knee flexion and lateral rotation of leg
Semitendinous
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: tibial shaft
Function: thigh extension, knee flexion and medial rotation of leg
Gastocnemius
Origin: condyles of the femur
Insetion: posterior calcaneous
Function: plantar flexion
Semimembranous
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia
Function: thigh extension, knee flexion, and medial rotation of leg
What are the three types of lever systems? give an example of each in the world and in the body.
first class: fulcrum between the load and effort
ex: pair of scissors, lifting head up
second class: load between the fulcrum and effort
ex: wheelbarrow, standing on tip toe
third class: effort between the fulcrum and load
ex: tweezers, flexion of forearm
What is the antagonist of the gluteus maximus?
the iliopsoas group
What is the antagonist of the biceps brachii?
triceps brachii
What is the antagonist of the hamstring group?
the quadriceps group
What is a fixator muscle?
a synergist muscle that immobilize a bone/origin or stabilize a joint
What are the 5 different arrangements fascicles can have?
Circular Convergent Parallel Fusiform (spindle shaped) Pennate (uni, bi, multi)
Explain how levers work at mechanical disadvantages or advantages.
The force required depends on the position of the effort from the fulcrum relative to the position of the load to the fulcrum.
if the effort is much farther than the load it acts as a mech adv like a car jack
if the effort is much closer than the load it acts at a mech disadv like moving dirt with the shovel
