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Neuroscience Section 3 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

0
Q

Sexual attraction

A

The first step in the mating behavior of many animals in which animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of reproductive behavior?

A

Sexual attraction, appetitive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior

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2
Q

Appetitive behaviors

A

Species specific behaviors of mutual attraction that help establish or maintain sexual interaction

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3
Q

Proceptive

A

Referring to a state in which an animal advertises it’s readiness to mate through species typical behaviors

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4
Q

Copulation

A

Coitus, sexual act. Third stage of mating.

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5
Q

Intromission

A

Insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation

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6
Q

Vagina

A

The opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females

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7
Q

Ejaculation

A

The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis

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8
Q

Semen

A

Mixture of fluid including sperm that is released during ejaculation

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9
Q

Refractory phase

A

Period following copulation during which an individual cannot recommended copulation

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10
Q

Coolidge effect

A

Propensity of an animal that appears sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner

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11
Q

Sexually receptive

A

Referring to the state in which an individual is willing to copulate

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12
Q

Estrus

A

Period during which the female animals are sexually receptive

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13
Q

Postcopulatory behavior

A

The final stage in mating behavior. Ex. Rolling, grooming, etc.

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14
Q

Copulatory lock

A

Reproductive behavior in which the males penis swells after ejaculation so it can’t yet be removed from the vagina. Occurs in dogs and mice not humans

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15
Q

Gamete

A

A sex cell that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual number of chromosomes

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16
Q

Sperm

A

Male gamete that fertilizes eggs

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17
Q

Ovum

A

Female gamete, egg

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18
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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19
Q

Ovulation

A

The production and release of an egg

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20
Q

Lordosis

A

Female receptive posture facilitating Intromission

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21
Q

Activational effect

A

A temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal

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22
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Region involved in eating and sexual receptivity (female lordosis)

23
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

Midbrain region surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; involved in reproductive behaviors

24
Q

Medial pew optic area (mPOA)

A

Region implicated in male copulatory behavior.

25
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

Specialized receptor cells near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium that detect pheromones in rodents

26
Q

Medial Amygdala

A

Receives olfactory and pheromonal info and processes it into sexual receptivity

27
Q

Parabiotic

A

Refers to surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply exposing them both to the same hormones

28
Q

Orgasm

A

Climax of sexual behavior marked by pleasurable sensations

29
Q

Phallus

A

The clitoris or penis

30
Q

Penis

A

Male phallus

31
Q

Clitoris

A

Female phallus

32
Q

Sexual differentiation

A

Process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalike bodies and behavior

33
Q

Sex determination

A

Establishes whether a fetus will develop as a male or female

34
Q

Indifferent gonads

A

Undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus which will eventually develop into testes or ovaries

35
Q

SRY gene

A

Gene on the Y chromosome that directs the developing gonads to become testes. (Sex determining Region on the Y chromosome)

36
Q

Genital tubercle

A

In the early fetus, a bump between legs that can develop into a clitoris or a penis

37
Q

Wolffian duct

A

A duct system in embryo that will develop into male reproductive structures if testes are present.

38
Q

Müllerian duct

A

Duct system in embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures if testes are not present.

39
Q

What2 systems promote male fetal reproductive development?

A

Testosterone from the testes and anti mullerian hormone

40
Q

Anti mullerian hormone (AMH)

A

Protein hormone secreted by fetal testes that inhibits Müllerian duct development

41
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

Metabolite of testosterone that is responsible for masculinization of external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation (scrotum, penis, etc)

42
Q

5-alpha-reductase

A

An enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

43
Q

Turners syndrome

A

Carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome. Apparent female with underdeveloped ovaries

44
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Genetic mutations that cause female fetus to be exposed to adrenal androgens resulting in partial masculinization at birth

45
Q

Intersex

A

Individual with atypical genital development and sexual differentiation that resembles intermediate between typical male and female genitals

46
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

Mutations of the androgen receptor gene that renders it insensitive to androgenic hormones like testosterone. Affected XY individuals are phenotypic females but have internal testes and regressed internal genitalia

47
Q

Guevedoces

A

Literally “eggs at 12”. Nickname for individuals who are raised as girls but at puberty change genital appearance and begin behaving as boys

48
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Condition in which males and female of the same species show sex differences in appearance

49
Q

Organizational effect

A

A permanent alteration of the nervous system, this permanent change in behavior resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development

50
Q

POA

A

Preoptic area

51
Q

Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the POA

A

Region that is five to six times larger in volume in male rats than in females. Testicular androgens somehow alter this development

52
Q

Spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)

A

A group of motoneurons in the spin cord of rags that Innervate striated muscles controlling the penis

53
Q

Onufs nucleus

A

Human homolog of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus in rats.

54
Q

What are two developmental influences that could shape human sexual orientation?

A

Sociocultural and fetal testosterone exposure

55
Q

Fraternal birth order effect

A

A phenomenon in human populations such that the more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation

Neuroscience Section 3 (4 decks)

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