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Neuroscience Section 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues

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1
Q

Cloacal exstrophy

A

Rare medical condition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis

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2
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Gland that secretes products internally into the bloodstream as opposed to exocrine glands such as tear and salivary.

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3
Q

Castration

A

Removal of the gonads, usually the testes.

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4
Q

Pheromone

A

A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

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5
Q

Allomone

A

Chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species to affect another species

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical communication?

A

Endocrine, synaptic, pheromone, and allomone

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7
Q

What are the 3 categories of hormone chemical structure?

A

Protein hormones, amine hormones, or steroid hormone

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8
Q

Protein/peptide hormone

A

Hormone consisting of a string of amino acids

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9
Q

Amine hormone

A

Composed of a single amino acid that has been modified by a related molecule.

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10
Q

What is an example of an amino hormone?

A

Melatonin

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11
Q

Steroid hormone

A

Composed of four rings of carbon atoms, derivatives of cholesterol and pass easily through lipid membranes

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12
Q

What do protein and amine hormones activate when they bind to the surface of a target cell?

A

Second messengers

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13
Q

Second messenger

A

Slow acting substance that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates target cell

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14
Q

How do steroid hormones differ?

A

Typically bind to receptors inside the cell membrane that then enters the nucleus and effects gene expression. Much slower process.

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15
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull

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16
Q

Pituitary stalk

A

Thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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17
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A

A neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation

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18
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

A

Anterior and posterior

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19
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Rear division where excited neuroendocrine cells release (not make) hormone directly into bloodstream

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20
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Hypothalamic supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei where they are transported down the pituitary stalk

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21
Q

What 2 peptide hormones are commonly released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

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22
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone released from posterior pituitary that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and contractions is child birth

23
Q

Arginine vasopressin or vasopressin

A

Hormone releases from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure. (Antidiuretic)

24
Q

Milk letdown reflex

A

Reflexive release if milk by mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling stimuli

25
Q

What social effects do posterior pituitary hormones have?

A

Sexual and physical intimacy, formation of pair bonds (in prairie voles), vasopressin and monogamy.

26
Q

Negative feedback

A

Output of a hormone feeds back to inhibit the drive for more of that same hormone. I.e. A thermostat

27
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Front division. Secretes tropic hormones and synthesizes what it releases as well.

28
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.

29
Q

“Tropic”

A

“Directed toward” each hormone acts on a different endocrine gland

30
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus that control the pituitarys release of tropic hormones

31
Q

Median eminence

A

Just above the pituitary stalk containing elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

32
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A

An elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. Here is the release if releasing hormones to the local bloodstream

33
Q

What 2 inputs affect the hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that synthesize releasing hormones?

A

Circulating hormone messages (negative feedback), and synaptic input (time of day/year, safety, etc.)

34
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

A tropic hormone secretes by the anterior pituitary that influences the growth of cells and tissues. (Abusive situations=stunted growth)

35
Q

Gonad

A

Any of the sexual organs (ovaries and testes) which produce gametes for reproduction

36
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

A hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary

37
Q

Gonadotropin

A

Refers to the tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary that act on the gonads

38
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

A gonadotropin that stimulates growth of egg-containing follicles in the ovaries, and sperm production in males

39
Q

Follicle

A

Ovary structure that contains immature ova.

40
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

A gonadotropin, stimulates rupture of follicles to release egg and form a corpora lutea, stimulates testosterone production in males

41
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Structure that forms from collapsed ovarian follicles after ovulation. Major source of progesterone.

42
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones

43
Q

Testosterone

A

Hormone that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty. Part of a class of hormones called androgens.

44
Q

What are the two types of cells in the testes in charge of production?

A

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

45
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Produce sperm in the testes

46
Q

Leydig cells

A

Produce and secrete testosterone hormone in the testes

47
Q

What does the androgen class of hormones promote?

A

Development and maintenance of male reproductive organs and male sex characteristics

48
Q

Ovaries

A

Female gonads which produce eggs for reproduction

49
Q

What are the two major classes of steroid hormones produced by the ovaries?

A

Progestins and estrogens

50
Q

What do estrogen hormones promote?

A

Development and maintenance of female reproductive organs and sex characteristics

51
Q

What do progestin hormones promote?

A

Pregnancy

52
Q

Estradiol

A

Primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary.

53
Q

Progesterone

A

Primary type of progestin secretes by the ovary. Prepares uterus walls for fertilized eggs and breasts for lactation

54
Q

Oral contraceptive

A

Small doses of steroid hormones that create a negative feedback loop for the cycle

Neuroscience Section 3 (4 decks)

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