Endocrine System

Question 0

Hormone

Answer 0

A chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues

Question 1

Cloacal exstrophy

Answer 1

Rare medical condition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis

Question 2

Endocrine gland

Answer 2

Gland that secretes products internally into the bloodstream as opposed to exocrine glands such as tear and salivary.

Question 3

Castration

Answer 3

Removal of the gonads, usually the testes.

Question 4

Pheromone

Answer 4

A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

Question 5

Allomone

Answer 5

Chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species to affect another species

Question 6

What are the 4 types of chemical communication?

Answer 6

Endocrine, synaptic, pheromone, and allomone

Question 7

What are the 3 categories of hormone chemical structure?

Answer 7

Protein hormones, amine hormones, or steroid hormone

Question 8

Protein/peptide hormone

Answer 8

Hormone consisting of a string of amino acids

Question 9

Amine hormone

Answer 9

Composed of a single amino acid that has been modified by a related molecule.

Question 10

What is an example of an amino hormone?

Answer 10

Melatonin

Question 11

Steroid hormone

Answer 11

Composed of four rings of carbon atoms, derivatives of cholesterol and pass easily through lipid membranes

Question 12

What do protein and amine hormones activate when they bind to the surface of a target cell?

Answer 12

Second messengers

Question 13

Second messenger

Answer 13

Slow acting substance that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates target cell

Question 14

How do steroid hormones differ?

Answer 14

Typically bind to receptors inside the cell membrane that then enters the nucleus and effects gene expression. Much slower process.

Question 15

Pituitary gland

Answer 15

Small complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull

Question 16

Pituitary stalk

Answer 16

Thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 17

Neuroendocrine cells

Answer 17

A neuron that releases hormones into local or systemic circulation

Question 18

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

Answer 18

Anterior and posterior

Question 19

Posterior pituitary

Answer 19

Rear division where excited neuroendocrine cells release (not make) hormone directly into bloodstream

Question 20

Where are hormones produced?

Answer 20

Hypothalamic supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei where they are transported down the pituitary stalk

Question 21

What 2 peptide hormones are commonly released from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 21

Oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

Hormone released from posterior pituitary that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and contractions is child birth

Question 23

Arginine vasopressin or vasopressin

Answer 23

Hormone releases from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure. (Antidiuretic)

Question 24

Milk letdown reflex

Answer 24

Reflexive release if milk by mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling stimuli

Question 25

What social effects do posterior pituitary hormones have?

Answer 25

Sexual and physical intimacy, formation of pair bonds (in prairie voles), vasopressin and monogamy.

Question 26

Negative feedback

Answer 26

Output of a hormone feeds back to inhibit the drive for more of that same hormone. I.e. A thermostat

Question 27

Anterior pituitary

Answer 27

Front division. Secretes tropic hormones and synthesizes what it releases as well.

Question 28

Tropic hormones

Answer 28

Anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.

Question 29

"Tropic"

Answer 29

"Directed toward" each hormone acts on a different endocrine gland

Question 30

Releasing hormones

Answer 30

Hormones produced in the hypothalamus that control the pituitarys release of tropic hormones

Question 31

Median eminence

Answer 31

Just above the pituitary stalk containing elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Question 32

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Answer 32

An elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. Here is the release if releasing hormones to the local bloodstream

Question 33

What 2 inputs affect the hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that synthesize releasing hormones?

Answer 33

Circulating hormone messages (negative feedback), and synaptic input (time of day/year, safety, etc.)

Question 34

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 34

A tropic hormone secretes by the anterior pituitary that influences the growth of cells and tissues. (Abusive situations=stunted growth)

Question 35

Gonad

Answer 35

Any of the sexual organs (ovaries and testes) which produce gametes for reproduction

Question 36

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Answer 36

A hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary

Question 37

Gonadotropin

Answer 37

Refers to the tropic hormones released by the anterior pituitary that act on the gonads

Question 38

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 38

A gonadotropin that stimulates growth of egg-containing follicles in the ovaries, and sperm production in males

Question 39

Follicle

Answer 39

Ovary structure that contains immature ova.

Question 40

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 40

A gonadotropin, stimulates rupture of follicles to release egg and form a corpora lutea, stimulates testosterone production in males

Question 41

Corpus luteum

Answer 41

Structure that forms from collapsed ovarian follicles after ovulation. Major source of progesterone.

Question 42

Testes

Answer 42

Male gonads which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones

Question 43

Testosterone

Answer 43

Hormone that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty. Part of a class of hormones called androgens.

Question 44

What are the two types of cells in the testes in charge of production?

Answer 44

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

Question 45

Sertoli cells

Answer 45

Produce sperm in the testes

Question 46

Leydig cells

Answer 46

Produce and secrete testosterone hormone in the testes

Question 47

What does the androgen class of hormones promote?

Answer 47

Development and maintenance of male reproductive organs and male sex characteristics

Question 48

Ovaries

Answer 48

Female gonads which produce eggs for reproduction

Question 49

What are the two major classes of steroid hormones produced by the ovaries?

Answer 49

Progestins and estrogens

Question 50

What do estrogen hormones promote?

Answer 50

Development and maintenance of female reproductive organs and sex characteristics

Question 51

What do progestin hormones promote?

Answer 51

Pregnancy

Question 52

Estradiol

Answer 52

Primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary.

Question 53

Progesterone

Answer 53

Primary type of progestin secretes by the ovary. Prepares uterus walls for fertilized eggs and breasts for lactation

Question 54

Oral contraceptive

Answer 54

Small doses of steroid hormones that create a negative feedback loop for the cycle