Reproductive system

Question 1

Gametogenesis

Answer 1

production of gametes by special organs of reproductive system

Question 2

function of male reproductive system

Answer 2

nourish sperm till mature and deposited in female system

Question 3

function of female reproductive system

Answer 3

receives sperm and transports to fertilization site

Question 4

functions of the reproductive system

Answer 4

• gametogenesis
• fertilization
• development and nourishment
• production of reproductive hormones

Question 5

spermatogenesis - where?

Answer 5

seminiferous tubes

Question 6

sustenacular (nurse, sertoli) cells

Answer 6

nourish sperm, form blood-testes barrier, and produce sex hormone binding globulin

Question 7

interstitial cells

Answer 7

produce testosterone
- sustenacular converts it to DHT and estradiol

Question 8

Spermatogenesis steps

Answer 8

1. germ cells partially embedded in sustenacular cells - most peripheral, divide by mitosis
   
   • some daughters differentiate into primary spermatocytes
2. primary spermatocytes go thru first round of meiosis
   
   • each produce 2 secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
3. secondary spermatocytes go thru second round of meiosis and produce spermatids
4. spermatids go thru spermiogenesis to form a mature sperm cell

Question 9

spermiogenesis

Answer 9

spermatid develops head, midpiece, and tail

Question 10

seminal vesicles

Answer 10

empty into ejaculatory duct
- 60% of semen
- secretion contains fibrinogen
- high pH

Question 11

prostate

Answer 11

30% semen
think, milky, high pH
clotting factors and fibrinogen

Question 12

Cowper glands

Answer 12

5% semen
mucus secretion, just before ejaculation
helps neutralize pH of vagina

Question 13

regulation of reproductive hormone secretion in males

Answer 13

at puberty - GnRH secretion increases - increasing LH and FSH

Question 14

FSH

Answer 14

promotes sperm formation
- inhibited by inhibin from sustenacular cells

Question 15

LH

Answer 15

stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Question 16

puberty in males - before birth

Answer 16

placenta secretes human chorionic gonadotropin which stimulates secretion of testosterone by fetal testes

Question 17

puberty in males - birth to puberty

Answer 17

no stimulation of testosterone secretion

Question 18

puberty in males - puberty

Answer 18

individuals become capable of sexual reproduction (12-14)
- small amts of testosterone from adrenal glands inhibited GnRH but now pituitary gland becomes less sensitive to testosterone inhibition

Question 19

effects of testosterone in males

Answer 19

enlargement and differentiation of male genitals and reproductive system
descent of testes
hair growth - rougher and coarser skin, incr melanin
incre secretion of sebaceous glands
increased metabolic rate, RBC, protein synthesis
rapid bone growth

Question 20

Oogenesis

Answer 20

production of secondary oocyte in ovaries

Question 21

steps of oogenesis

Answer 21

1. during development oogenia increase number by mitosis
2. before birth most have differentiated into primary oocytes
3. primary oocytes begin meiosis 1 and stop at prophase
4. at puberty oocytes enter and complete meiosis I just before ovulation
5. ovulation = release of secondary oocyte - starts second meiotic division and stops at metaphase II UNLESS FERTILIZED

Question 22

completion of meiosis I

Answer 22

most cytoplasm remains with the secondary oocyte and the first polar body degenerates

Question 23

fertilization

Answer 23

sperm penetrates and oocyte completes meiosis II
- creates ovum and second polar body

Question 24

ovulation

Answer 24

release of secondary oocyte from ovary

Question 25

graafian follicles

Answer 25

mature oocyte that becomes corpus luteum if fertilized, becomes corpus albicans if not fertilized

Question 26

mammary glands

Answer 26

lactiferous duct supplying a lobe subdivides into smaller ducts which supply a lobule that expand to form alveoli

Question 27

myoepithelial cells

Answer 27

surround alveoli and contract to expel milk

Question 28

menarche

Answer 28

first period
- begins when GnRH increases and therefore so do FSH and LH

Question 29

ovarian cycle

Answer 29

changes in ovaries

Question 30

uterine cycle

Answer 30

changes in uterus

Question 31

amenhorrea

Answer 31

absence of period

Question 32

menopause

Answer 32

cessation of period

Question 33

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

Answer 33

1-14 days before ovulation
- primordial follicle develops into mature follicle as primary oocyte goes through meiosis I
- develops in response to FSH
- releases estrogen which surges LH and ovulation - thickens endometrium

Question 34

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

Answer 34

days 15-28
- follicle forms corpus luteus - secretes estrogen and progesterone
- no fertilization - CL degenerates - progesterone levels plumet and endometrium sheds
- yes fertilization - increase production of hCG - keeps CL alive

Question 35

menses

Answer 35

mild hemorrhage where functional layer of endometrium sloughed and expelled from uterus

Question 36

menstration

Answer 36

discharge of blood and tissue

Question 37

hCG levels through pregnancy

Answer 37

starts soon after fertilization and throughout 1st trimester

Question 38

progesterone and estrogen thru pregnancy

Answer 38

developed by placenta
- peaks aroudn 8-9 weeks after fertilization
progesterone - increases and levels off near end of 3rd trimester
estrogen - slow increase that becomes more rapid as birth approaches