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Human Phys > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory systems

A

allow us to receive and interpret info from internal and external environments

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2
Q

Receptors

A

sensitive to changes in environment

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3
Q

neural pathway

A

carry info from receptor to brain

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4
Q

brain

A

interprets sensory info (sensation - perception)

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5
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical deformation

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6
Q

thermoreceptors

A

changes in temperature

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7
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors, detect tissue damage

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8
Q

photoreceptors

A

respond to light

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9
Q

chemoreceptors

A

taste, smell, pH, O2, osmolarity

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10
Q

Transduction

A

stimulus changed to electrical energy resulting in “receptor potential” a local graded potential

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11
Q

Receptive Field

A

area of body covered by receptors from a single afferent neuron

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12
Q

sensory unit

A

single afferent neuron and all its receptors

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13
Q

how does size of a sensory unit impact actuity

A

larger the unit - harder to distinguish exactly where it came from

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14
Q

overlap of sensory fields and acuity

A

AP frequency is greater in areas with more branching

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15
Q

strength of stimulus is ___ to strength of response

A

proportional

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16
Q

adaptation

A

at constant stimulus activity, receptors gradually desensitize - decreases rate of AP firing

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17
Q

phasic receptors

A

fast adapting, more sensitive to changes in stimulus frequency

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18
Q

Primary Neurons

A

synapse in spinal cord or brain

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19
Q

divergence

A

info from single afferent neuron synapses with many interneurons

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20
Q

convergence

A

info from many afferent neurons arrive at same interneuron

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21
Q

Specific ascending pathway

A

carry info about 1 type of stimulus, crosses at medulla

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22
Q

Nonspecific ascending pathway

A

carries info about 2+ types of stimuli, info crosses immediately at spinal cord

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23
Q

Dorsal Column Lemniscal Ascending Pathway

A

carries info in dorsal columns of spinal cord (white matter)
info crosses in medulla (then brainstem to thalamus via lemniscus
possesses increased degree of spatial orientation

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24
Q

Anterolateral Ascending Pathway

A

carries info into dorsal horns cord of grey matter
info crosses to opposite side immediately
composed of small unmyelinated fibers
poor spatial orientation but carries several types of info

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25
Q

Modality of Stimulus

A

chemical, taste, smell, somatosensory, muscle, balance, etc
can have submodalities
ex. taste = sweet, sour, salt, etc

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26
Q

Intensity of stimulus

A

determined by AP frequency and number of receptors stimulated

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27
Q

Location of simtulus

A

what is the acuity of the stimulus location
smaller receptive field = greater acuity
greater convergence = decreased acuity

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28
Q

Duration of stimulus

A

different receptors have different rates of adaptation

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29
Q

Amine hormones

A

derived from tyrosine
ex. thyroid hormones and catecholamines

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30
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

undergo extensive processing before secretion
readily soluble in plasma
ex. insulin, GH, glucagon, ACTH

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31
Q

steroid hormones

A

all derived from cholesterol
easiliy diffuse thru membrane and enter blood stream - no intracell storage
not soluble in plasma
combine in circulation w binding proteins
only small section is biologically active
ex. cortisol, androgens, estrogen, progesterone

32
Q

Receptors for peptide hormones and catecholines

A

on cell membrane - activates 2nd messenger system

33
Q

receptors for steroids/thyroid hormones

A

in cell, complex then interacts w/ DNA
slower biological response

34
Q

cells adjust responses to circulating hormones by

A

up/down-regulating receptor number (alters probability of binding NOT maximal response)
changing receptor affinity

35
Q

Features of Hormonal Action

A
  1. amplified at target cells
  2. regulate rates of existing rxns
  3. slow and prolonged action
  4. bio effect proportional to circulating concentration of hormone
  5. circulating levels of hormone determined by rate of secretion and rate of removal
36
Q

types of input affecting hormone release

A

change in concentration of mineral ions/nutrients in plasma
neurotransmitters
other hormones

37
Q

Metabolism

A

peptides - peptidases
steroids - reduction rxns to make them water soluble

38
Q

main route of hormone excretion

A

urine (includes small amount of intact hormones)

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

conveys info to pituitary gland by neurons or blood vessels

40
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

master gland
posterior - neurohypophysis
anterior - adenohypophysis

41
Q

Posterior PItuitary

A

direct neural input from hypothalamus
- releases ADH and oxytocin

42
Q

anti diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

controls water excretion

43
Q

oxytocin

A

contraction of pregnant uterus and ejection of milk from breast

44
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

input from hypothalamus via blood vessels - carry hypophysiotropic hormones that control secretions

45
Q

thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

A

stims release of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin

46
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

stims release of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

47
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A

stim release of growth hormone

48
Q

somatostatin (SS)

A

inhibits growth hormone secretion

49
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

stims release of leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

50
Q

dopamine (prolactin releasing inhibiting hormone (PIH)

A

inhibits release of prolactin

51
Q

Follicle Simulating Hormone (FSH)

A

stim growth and development of ovarian follicles, controls spermatogenesis

52
Q

Leutinizing Hormone (LH)

A

regulates steroidogenesis of gonads

53
Q

prolactin

A

enhances breast development and milk production

54
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

major stim of post-natal growth, affecting almost all tissue types
incr lipolysis
decr glucose uptake by tissue
incr protein synthesis

55
Q

ACTH

A

stims adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

56
Q

TSH

A

stim thyroid to release thyroid hormone (T3, T4)

57
Q

testosterone

A

male sex characteristics, anabolic affect on tissue

58
Q

estrogen

A

female sex characteristics

59
Q

progesterone

A

pregnancy and regulating menstrual cycle
increases body temperature

60
Q

thyroid hormone

A

increases metabolic activity of all tissues
incr intestinal glucose absorption and lypolysis

61
Q

T3

A

increases cardiac output, HR, ventilation rate, basal metabolic rate, etc

62
Q

Cortisol

A

facilitates response to stress, catabolic effects on protein, fat, CHO, metabolism, stims gluconeogenesis

63
Q

aldosterone

A

controls rate of Na loss in renal system

64
Q

insulin

A

produced by beta cells
regulates blood glucose levels (decr)

65
Q

glucagon

A

produced by alpha cells
opposite effect of insulin - if blood glucose low, restores to normal
stims glygogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - occurring in liver

66
Q

adrenal medulla

A

innermost portion of gland
synthesizes and secretes catecholamines - E/NE, DA
Tyr - DOPA - DA - NE - E

67
Q

mediating fight of flight

A

increase blood glucose
increase lipolysis
increase heart rate
dilate coronary blood vessels and skeletal muscle vessels

68
Q

muscle tissue must be

A

contractable
excitable
extensible
elastic

69
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

composed of individual fibers
- develop from myoblasts (mononucleated)

70
Q

muscle fibers surrounded by

A

endomysium

71
Q

bundle of fibers

A

fascicle (membr = perimysium)

72
Q

smallest contractile unit of a muscle

A

sarcomere

73
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. binding of cross bridge head to binding site of acting
  2. powerstroke and release of ADP and P from head
  3. new ATP molec binds to cross bridge which dissassoc from actin
  4. myosin ATPase cleaves ATP and again energizes myosin
74
Q

muscle twitch

A

mechanistic response of muscle to 1 ap

75
Q

latent period

A

duration between ap and muscle twtich

76
Q

contraction tie

A

period between end of atent and peak force period

77
Q
A

Human Phys (8 decks)

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