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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Males and Females both have what two groups of organs?

A

They both have gonads and accessory organs but there are differences.

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2
Q

When are components present and when do they function?

A

Components are present when we are born but they do not function until the age of purity.

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3
Q

How long is the female reproductive system?

A

Roughly 40 years long, puberty to menopause

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4
Q

What are the gonads in males and females?

A

Male gonads are testis and female gonads are ovaries

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5
Q

What are gonads responsible for?

A

Producing gametes and specific hormones

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6
Q

What are the gametes and hormones?

A

The gametes are the sex cells, and the hormones are masculinizing or feminizing sex hormones.

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7
Q

What is the male and female gamete?

A

Male gamete is the sperm
Female gamete is the egg

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8
Q

What is the male and female sex hormone?

A

Male is the testosterone, and the female is the female is the estrogen.

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9
Q

What triggers gonads in both male and female to start puberty?

A

In the endocrine system, there is the Anti-pituitary gland which has a hormone called the gonadotropins. They have two types: LH and FSH

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10
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone.

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11
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone.

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12
Q

What’s going on before puberty?

A

The gonadotropin levels are very low so there are little amounts of FSH and LH. The gonads are present but not working yet.

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13
Q

What happens during puberty?

A

Something triggers the gonadotropins to be released from the anterior pituitary gland. The gonadotropins tell the gonads to work and the ovaries start making eggs and estrogen while the testis make sperm and testosterone.

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14
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

The part of the reproductive system that are not gonads.

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15
Q

What is the gamete production process called?

A

Overall: Gametogenesis
Male: Spermatogenesis
Female: Oogenesis

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16
Q

What is gametogenesis trying to do?

A

Go from diploid precursers to a haploid gamete.

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17
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Any cells from our body, except from our mature gametes, there are 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 chromosomes pairs.

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18
Q

What is a haploid?

A

Gametes, eggs, and sperm are haploids and have 23 unpaired chromosomes. Sperm and eggs need to be haploids so they have a chance to be united.

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19
Q

What is a diploid zygote?

A

When a haploid sperm and a haploid egg, both with 23 chromosomes, makes a diploid zygote (a baby)

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20
Q

What is a secondary oocyte?

A

A hyploid egg, gamete, or sperm

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21
Q

What happens in gametogenesis?

A

Starts out with these diploid precursors and form these mature haploid sperms and eggs.

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22
Q

What happens in the testis?

A

The process of the spermatogenesis and there are seminiferous tubules, which is a sign of sperm production.

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23
Q

What tells the sperm to start producing?

A

FSH hormone. At puberty, when its released its primary job is to tell the seminiferous tubules to start making sperm.

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24
Q

How is testosterone production accomplished?

A

Through the stimulation of cells known as interstitial cells or Leydig cells. Leydig cells get stimulated by LH.

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25
Q

What is the gamete also called?

A

The secondary oocyte (2oocyte)

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26
Q

What is the Ovarian Follicle?

A

The functioning part of the ovary, where the gamete and hormones are going to be produced.

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27
Q

The developmental stages of a follicle.

A

Before birth - Primordial follicle
Childhood to puberty - Primary and Secondary follicle
Puberty to menopause - vesicular follicle

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28
Q

What is a follicle made of?

A

The gamete is in the center and there are cells surrounding the gamete called follicular cells. The more the follicle grows, the more cells that surround the gamete.

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29
Q

What is the responsibility of the Ovaries?

A

Gamete production of eggs and the hormone production of estrogen and progesterone.

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30
Q

What happens to the follicles when puberty hits?

A

Before puberty, there are a lot of primary follicles. When it starts, some of these follicles are chosen to grow.

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31
Q

What is Ovulation?

A

One follicle is chosen to grow for the month. This follicle was chosen to grow while the others degenerate and the one has it’s gamete, now 2oocyte, expel from it into the fallopian tubes to potentially fertilize.

32
Q

Where does gamete and hormone production specifically take place (women)?

A

The eggs (gamete) is made inside the follicle and the estrogen (hormone) is made in the follicular cells.

33
Q

When the follicle is growing what happens to estrogen?

A

It increases as the follicle grows and becomes a mature/haploid gamete.

34
Q

Where does gamete and hormone production specifically take place (men)?

A

The sperm (gamete) is made from seminiferous tubule and the hormone (testosterone) is made from the testis.

35
Q

What happens to the cycle when pregnancy occurs?

A

The cycle stops and several months after pregnancy, cycle starts again.

36
Q

What is menopause?

A

Ovaries stop functioning and the follicles no longer produce or grow.

37
Q

What is estrogen?

A

Hormone that makes secondary female characteristics and takes place in the follicle.

38
Q

What is the goal of gamete production?

A

Follicles maturing and the diploid gamete turns into a haploid gamete.

39
Q

How long is the average cycle?

A

28 days

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The ovaries tell the lining of the uterus what to do based on estrogen production

A

TRUE

40
Q

What are the 2 cycles that the Reproductive system is broken down into?

A

Ovarian cycle: what happens in the ovaries
Uterine cycle: what happens in the endometrial lining of the uterus

41
Q

What is the bleeding in the menstrual cycle?

A

Endometrium lining thins out, peeling away from the wall. It is built up every month in the case of pregnancy and if no pregnancy, BLOOD

42
Q

What tells the lining of the uterus to get ready for pregnancy or to shed and bleed?

A

The estrogen

43
Q

Is the sperm going to penetrate the ovary and try to fertilize the egg?

A

NO, the egg has to be released for it to be available for fertilization.

44
Q

When do you start building the uterine lining?

A

Before ovulation.

45
Q

Are the 2 reproductive cycles in sync?

A

The ovarian and uterine cycles are in the same 28 day cycle

46
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Ovarian cycle?

A

The Follicular phase, Ovulation phase, and Luteal phase.

47
Q

What is the Follicular phase?

A

-It is days 1 through 13
-Follicular growth occurs
-When the diploid precursor turns to haploid gamete
-Forms 2oocyte (egg)
-Early: low estrogen levels, Mid to late: high estrogen levels
-One follicle yields the 2oocyte and grows

48
Q

What is the Graafian Follicle?

A

It is the mature secondary follicle and holds the 2oocyte until ovulation where it expels the 2oocyte so the gamete is available for fertilization.

49
Q

What is the Ovulation phase?

A

Day 14. When the 2oocyte is expelled from the Graafian follicle in the ovary, it goes to the fallopian tube. In there, its going to be available to be fertilized.

50
Q

What is the Luteal phase?

A

Days 15-28. The formation of the Corpus Luteum. There is continued production of estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen keeps lining thick. Progesterone is telling lining to start storing nutrients.

51
Q

What is the Corpus Luteum?

A

The empty Graafian follicle that has a bunch of cholesterol that’s collecting. It turns yellow. Estrogen and progesterone are synthesized by cholesterol, we need cholesterol to continue to make these hormones.

52
Q

What was the first menstrual period?

A

The Monarchy

53
Q

What tells the uterus what to do?

A

The ovary

54
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum secrete?

A

It secretes estrogen and progesterone under the influence of the hormone LH. LH turns the empty Graafian follicle into the Corpus Luteum.

55
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Follicle growth

56
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum do in a nonpregnant lady?

A

It only makes estrogen and progesterone for 12 days (Days 14-26). End of day 26, the Corpus stops working and days 27 & 28 estrogen goes down but enough for the lining to stay intact.

57
Q

What happens at the end of day 28?

A

There is not enough estrogen or progesterone, so we start the cycle back again to day 1 in the follicular phase.

58
Q

What are the phases in the Urartian Cycle?

A

The Menstrual phase, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase.

59
Q

What is the Urartian Cycle?

A

What is happening in the endometrium lining of the uterus.

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Urartian Cycle is not synchronized with the Ovarian Cycle.

A

False, it is synchronized.

61
Q

What is the menstrual phase?

A

Days 1-5, the time of the bleeding (period), lining is thinning out because there are low estrogen and progesterone levels, lining is pulling away from uterine wall.

62
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

Days 6-14, proliferative means growth, endometrium is growing and getting thicker because estrogen levels from the ovarian follicles are increasing, these follicles are getting bigger. Corresponds to the later days of the follicular phase and ovulation.

63
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

Days 15-28, corresponds directly to the Luteal phase in the ovarian cycle. Endometrium stores a lot of nutrient-rich secretions in case of pregnancy levels decrease and starts thinning out, going back to day 1 of the cycle.

64
Q

When does pregnancy start?

A

Pregnancy starts at fertilization where the haploid sperm fertilizes the haploid egg. Normally occurs 24 hours after ovulation, day 15.

65
Q

What is Implantation?

A

When the multi-cellular, now fertilized egg implants into the endometrium of the uterus. Occurs day 21 or 22.

66
Q

What is the rest of the pregnancy for?

A

Embryonic growth development for 39 weeks.

67
Q

What is the corpus luteum doing during implantation?

A

It is still working to make estrogen and progesterone.

68
Q

What is HCG?

A

HCG stands for Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. The process of implantation leads to the production of this hormone. Pregnancy tests look for HCG. HCG levels peak at 10-12 weeks then starts of fall off. HCG maintains the corpus luteum and tells it to continue making the hormones, estrogen and progesterone.

69
Q

What happens Day 20 or 21 of pregnancy?

A

The fertilized egg implants itself into the endometrium.

70
Q

Where does the rest of the estrogen and progesterone come from when HCG falls off?

A

It comes from the placenta.

71
Q

When is considered the first week of pregnancy?

A

A week after ovulation, with implantation.

72
Q

Ectopic

A

Out of normal location

73
Q

Endometriosis

A

When the endometrium tissue is found anywhere but the endometrium.

74
Q

IUP

A

Intra-uterine pregnancy, a normal pregnancy.

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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