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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Ch.16 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch.16 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System made of?

A

Endocrine glands that release hormones

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2
Q

What is released in the blood?

A

Hormones and they connect to a target to preform a function

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3
Q

Is the Endocrine system “wired” or “wireless”?

A

It is “wireless” because the Endocrine glands are ductless, they regulate through chemical signals and go straight into the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are the 3 basic Endocrine system principles?

A
  1. Hormone-receptor interaction
  2. Every hormone has a target or multiple targets
  3. Normally, hormones are only produced/ released when needed
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5
Q

Every gland works through what steps?

A

Glands –> Hormones –> Targets –> Effects

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6
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

It is composed of 2 regions: the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) Each region functions as a separate gland and stimulates 8 hormones.

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7
Q

What are the 6 hormones released in the Anterior Pituitary?

A
  1. Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  4. Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
  5. Prolactin
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8
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Targets most tissues; stimulates general body growth in childhood/adolescence; increases blood glucose

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9
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Targets thyroid glands; increases thyroid hormone release by the thyroid gland

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10
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Targets adrenal cortex; increases cortisol release from the adrenal cortex

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11
Q

Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)

A

Targets the gonads; increases sex hormone release (estrogen in females, testosterone in males) from the gonads; stimulates gametes production (egg in female, sperm in male) by the gonads

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12
Q

Prolactin

A

Targets the mammary glands; stimulates milk production by the mammary glands (lactate)

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13
Q

What are the 2 hormones that the Posterior Pituitary releases?

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) AKA vasopressin
  2. Oxytocin
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14
Q

Vaso

A

Blood Vessels

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15
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) AKA vasopressin

A

-targets the kidneys and blood vessels
-causes water retention
-causes blood vessels to constrict AKA vasoconstriction which causes an increase in blood pressure and blood volume

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Targets the uterus and mammary glands; causes uterine smooth muscle to contract; causes milk ejection (let down) by the mammary glands

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17
Q

Tropic

A

stimulating

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18
Q

When ADH increases…

A
  1. Dehydrated–> pee less –> increase in blood volume and blood pressure
  2. Bleeding too much –> pee less –> increase in blood volume and blood pressure
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19
Q

When ADH decreases…

A

Too much water –> pee more –> decrease in blood volume and blood pressure

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20
Q

What 2 hormones does the Thyroid Gland release?

A

Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin

21
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A

-Made by follicular cells
-Increases metabolism
-Increases body’s sensitivity to the SNS (fight or flight)

22
Q

Calcitonin

A

-Primary target is the bone
-Stimulates bone building and decreases blood calcium levels in the blood

23
Q

What triggers thyroid hormones?

A

The TSH in the Anterior Pituitary Gland

24
Q

What is the feedback loop for TSH and TH?

A

Anterior Pituitary TSH makes hormones then Thyroid Gland makes TH hormone.
Thyroid Gland makes TH hormone then Anterior Pituitary TSH production stops. We make TH when we need it and stops when we don’t.

25
Q

What does the Parathyroid gland release?

A

-releases a parathyroid hormone (PTH) and targets bone and kidneys
-increases blood calcium
-increases the production of vitamin D by the kidneys, which increases calcium absorption into the bloodstream
-decreases calcium excretion in the urine
-Primary stimulus for release is a decrease in blood Ca levels

26
Q

What are the 2 regions of the adrenal glands?

A

The adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex and they function as separate endocrine glands

27
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

It releases mostly epinephrine(EPI) also known as adrenaline and some norepinephrine (NE) also known as noradrenaline
Epi & NE target the heart, smooth muscle, and glands and produce sympathetic NS type effects

28
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

It releases cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
Both hormones are classified as steroid hormones

29
Q

Cortisol

A

-increases blood glucose
-causes the breakdown of protein and fats.

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The breakdown products of protein/fats can be converted into glucose

31
Q

What targets the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone, it causes sodium (NA) retention which increases blood NA levels, potassium (K) excretion which decreases blood K levels, and increases blood volume (BV) and blood pressure (BP)

32
Q

What is the mechanism by which aldosterone increases BV/BP related to?

A

NA retention because it causes water retention. This increases BV & BP

33
Q

What does EPI target?

A

Smooth muscles, GI, GU, Brachial and vascular and it causes relaxation of all the smooth muscular except for vascular.
NE only targets vascular smooth muscles and tightens them

34
Q

neo

A

new

35
Q

genesis

A

production

36
Q

What is the feedback loop between ACTH and Cortisol

A

Cortisol increases, ACTH decreases
ACTH decreases, Cortisol increases
ACTH increases, Cortisol increases
Cortisol decreases, ACTH increases

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Aldosterone increase blood Na+ and decreases blood K+ and it happens in the small intestine

A

FALSE: Aldosterone increase blood Na+ and decreases blood K+ and it happens in the kidney, not the small intestine. It tells the kidneys to pee of more potassium and hold sodium.

38
Q

What follows when blood Na+ is held or increased?

A

Water follows Na+. Na+ retention causes H20 retention which causes our blood volume to rise.

39
Q

What would we want to release Aldosterone?

A
  1. If our blood volume & blood pressure is going down, it would stimulate Aldosterone release
  2. If our blood Na+ levels are decreasing, it would cause a stimulate of Aldosterone
  3. If blood K+ increases –> increase in Aldosterone
40
Q

What if I have low Aldosterone?

A

-Decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
-Decrease in Na+
-Increase in K+

41
Q

What if I have high Aldosterone?

A

-Increase in blood pressure and blood volume
-Increase in Na+
-Decrease in K+

42
Q

Islets

A

Islands of cells

43
Q

Anabolic

A

Build something up

44
Q

Endocrine Pancreas

A

Resides in pancreatic cells called Pancreatic Islets

45
Q

What makes up the Pancreatic Islets?

A

Beta cells and Alpha cells

46
Q

Beta Cells

A

Releases a hormone called insulin

47
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Releases a hormone called glucagon the increases blood sugar or blood glucose

48
Q

Insulin

A

-stimulates protein, lipid synthesis/storage, glycogen synthesis
-lowers blood sugar or blood glucose by stimulating glycogen

49
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High Glucose Bloodstream

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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