Ch.16 Endocrine System Flashcards
What is the Endocrine System made of?
Endocrine glands that release hormones
What is released in the blood?
Hormones and they connect to a target to preform a function
Is the Endocrine system “wired” or “wireless”?
It is “wireless” because the Endocrine glands are ductless, they regulate through chemical signals and go straight into the bloodstream
What are the 3 basic Endocrine system principles?
- Hormone-receptor interaction
- Every hormone has a target or multiple targets
- Normally, hormones are only produced/ released when needed
Every gland works through what steps?
Glands –> Hormones –> Targets –> Effects
Pituitary Gland
It is composed of 2 regions: the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) and the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) Each region functions as a separate gland and stimulates 8 hormones.
What are the 6 hormones released in the Anterior Pituitary?
- Growth Hormone (GH)
- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
- Prolactin
Growth Hormone (GH)
Targets most tissues; stimulates general body growth in childhood/adolescence; increases blood glucose
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Targets thyroid glands; increases thyroid hormone release by the thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Targets adrenal cortex; increases cortisol release from the adrenal cortex
Gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
Targets the gonads; increases sex hormone release (estrogen in females, testosterone in males) from the gonads; stimulates gametes production (egg in female, sperm in male) by the gonads
Prolactin
Targets the mammary glands; stimulates milk production by the mammary glands (lactate)
What are the 2 hormones that the Posterior Pituitary releases?
- Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) AKA vasopressin
- Oxytocin
Vaso
Blood Vessels
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) AKA vasopressin
-targets the kidneys and blood vessels
-causes water retention
-causes blood vessels to constrict AKA vasoconstriction which causes an increase in blood pressure and blood volume
Oxytocin
Targets the uterus and mammary glands; causes uterine smooth muscle to contract; causes milk ejection (let down) by the mammary glands
Tropic
stimulating
When ADH increases…
- Dehydrated–> pee less –> increase in blood volume and blood pressure
- Bleeding too much –> pee less –> increase in blood volume and blood pressure
When ADH decreases…
Too much water –> pee more –> decrease in blood volume and blood pressure
What 2 hormones does the Thyroid Gland release?
Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
Thyroid Hormone
-Made by follicular cells
-Increases metabolism
-Increases body’s sensitivity to the SNS (fight or flight)
Calcitonin
-Primary target is the bone
-Stimulates bone building and decreases blood calcium levels in the blood
What triggers thyroid hormones?
The TSH in the Anterior Pituitary Gland
What is the feedback loop for TSH and TH?
Anterior Pituitary TSH makes hormones then Thyroid Gland makes TH hormone.
Thyroid Gland makes TH hormone then Anterior Pituitary TSH production stops. We make TH when we need it and stops when we don’t.
What does the Parathyroid gland release?
-releases a parathyroid hormone (PTH) and targets bone and kidneys
-increases blood calcium
-increases the production of vitamin D by the kidneys, which increases calcium absorption into the bloodstream
-decreases calcium excretion in the urine
-Primary stimulus for release is a decrease in blood Ca levels
What are the 2 regions of the adrenal glands?
The adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex and they function as separate endocrine glands
What is the adrenal medulla?
It releases mostly epinephrine(EPI) also known as adrenaline and some norepinephrine (NE) also known as noradrenaline
Epi & NE target the heart, smooth muscle, and glands and produce sympathetic NS type effects
What is the adrenal cortex?
It releases cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
Both hormones are classified as steroid hormones
Cortisol
-increases blood glucose
-causes the breakdown of protein and fats.
Gluconeogenesis
The breakdown products of protein/fats can be converted into glucose
What targets the kidneys?
Aldosterone, it causes sodium (NA) retention which increases blood NA levels, potassium (K) excretion which decreases blood K levels, and increases blood volume (BV) and blood pressure (BP)
What is the mechanism by which aldosterone increases BV/BP related to?
NA retention because it causes water retention. This increases BV & BP
What does EPI target?
Smooth muscles, GI, GU, Brachial and vascular and it causes relaxation of all the smooth muscular except for vascular.
NE only targets vascular smooth muscles and tightens them
neo
new
genesis
production
What is the feedback loop between ACTH and Cortisol
Cortisol increases, ACTH decreases
ACTH decreases, Cortisol increases
ACTH increases, Cortisol increases
Cortisol decreases, ACTH increases
TRUE or FALSE: Aldosterone increase blood Na+ and decreases blood K+ and it happens in the small intestine
FALSE: Aldosterone increase blood Na+ and decreases blood K+ and it happens in the kidney, not the small intestine. It tells the kidneys to pee of more potassium and hold sodium.
What follows when blood Na+ is held or increased?
Water follows Na+. Na+ retention causes H20 retention which causes our blood volume to rise.
What would we want to release Aldosterone?
- If our blood volume & blood pressure is going down, it would stimulate Aldosterone release
- If our blood Na+ levels are decreasing, it would cause a stimulate of Aldosterone
- If blood K+ increases –> increase in Aldosterone
What if I have low Aldosterone?
-Decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
-Decrease in Na+
-Increase in K+
What if I have high Aldosterone?
-Increase in blood pressure and blood volume
-Increase in Na+
-Decrease in K+
Islets
Islands of cells
Anabolic
Build something up
Endocrine Pancreas
Resides in pancreatic cells called Pancreatic Islets
What makes up the Pancreatic Islets?
Beta cells and Alpha cells
Beta Cells
Releases a hormone called insulin
Alpha Cells
Releases a hormone called glucagon the increases blood sugar or blood glucose
Insulin
-stimulates protein, lipid synthesis/storage, glycogen synthesis
-lowers blood sugar or blood glucose by stimulating glycogen
Hyperglycemia
High Glucose Bloodstream
