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A & P II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive System Functions (4)

A

1) Gametogenesis
2) Provide mechanism for male gametes to be deposited into female reproductive tract
3) Fertilization site
4) Mechanism for Gestation (pregnancy) & birth

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2
Q

-What are Gametes & their composition?
-What are they in Male vs. Female.
-Where are they produced? Male vs. Female.
- Fertilization definition

A

-Fertilization cells.
-Haploid cells that are produced during Meiosis & contain 23 (half of normal) chromosomes (remaining cells in body are Diploid Cells with 46 chromosomes.
-Gametes = Sperm (Spermatozoa) & Occytes (OOgenesis
-Produced in Gonads (Testes & Ovaries)
- Fertilization= union of sperm & ovum to form a Zygote (single diploid cell)

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3
Q

What would happen if Meiosis didn’t take place?

A

-If reduction of number of chromosomes didn’t occur to the number of chromosomes passed to fertilized egg would be doubled.
-Extra chromosomal material would be lethal to developing offspring.

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4
Q

Phases of Meiosis I (5)

A

1) Early Prophase I- contain 46 duplicated chromosomes each with 2 sister Chromatids connected by a Centromere

2) Middle Prophase I- Chromosomes visible & pairs come together via Synapsis, form Tetrad arrangement, & where Crossing Over may occur.

3) Metaphase I - Homologous chromosome pairs line up in the center (random alignment & crossing over responsible for large degree of genetic diversity)

4) Anaphase I- Chromosome pairs separate & move to opposite sides of cell

5) Telophase I- New nuclei form, cell completes division of cytoplasm to form 2 cells.

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5
Q

Meiosis definitions:
1) Crossing Over
2) Tetrad
3) Reduction Division

A

1) Crossing Over- when part of a chromatid of a chromosome in a gamete breaks off during Middle Prophase I & is exchanged with another chromatid.

2) Tetrad- Arrangement of chromosomes in Middle Prophase I where the pairing of homologous chromosomes brings 2 chromatids of each chromosome close together.

3) Reduction Division- AKA process of Meiosis I in which the number of chromosomes is reduced from a diploid number to a haploid number.

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6
Q

Phases of Meiosis II (4)

A

1) Prophase II- condensed chromosomes have been duplicated and now consist of 2 chromatids.

2) Metaphase II- duplicated chromosomes line up in middle of cell

3) Anaphase II- chromatids separate at Centromere & move to opposite sides of the cell so each daughter cell receives 1 chromatid from each chromosome. Once Centromere separates each chromatid is now a chromosome.

4) Telophase II- New nuclei formed around chromosomes & cells divide to form 4 daughter cells each with a haploid number of chromosomes.

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7
Q

2 Mechanisms that occur during Meiosis that produce genetic variation among gametes

A

1) Crossing Over during Middle Prophase I
2) Random Alignment of chromosome pairs during Metaphase I

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8
Q

Parts of Male Reproductive System (9) (4 structures, 3 accessory glands, 2 supporting structures)

A

1) Testes
2) Scrotum
3) Penis
4) Epididymides (first part of duct series)
5) Vas Deferens (aka Ductus Deferens, 2nd part of duct series)
6) Urethra (3rd part of duct series)
7) Seminal Vesicles (gland)
8) Prostate Gland
9) Bulbourethral Glands

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9
Q

Scrotum- Physical Structure

A
  • Sac-like structure containing testes.
    -Divided into 2 compartments (Internally by Ventral Septum & externally by the Raphe)
  • Ventral Septum- incomplete connective tissue septum
    -Raphe= midline irregular ridge or seam
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10
Q

Scrotum- function & how & why (5)

A
  • Regulate testicular temperature (normally 34 C aka 93.2 F)
  • Sperm cell do not develop normally if testes become too warm or too cool.
  • Dartos Muscle- smooth muscle layer in wall of scrotum that contracts to make skin become FIRM & wrinkled & REDUCE overall size.
  • Cremaster Muscles- extensions of abdominal skeletal muscles in scrotum that contract to PULL testes close to body to keep testes warm.
  • Both work together to change size and position of scrotum
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11
Q

Testes (overall histology & location & production(4))

A

1) Pair of mixed glands that produce male gametes (aka sperm, EXOCRINE Gland secretion) & testosterone (ENDOCRINE secretion).
2) Essential male reproductive structure
3) Located inside Scrotum
4) Produce more than 100 million sperm daily

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12
Q

Testes Histology (2 layers of covering & 5 internal structures in order of sperm flow)

A

1) Tunica Vaginalis- outer covering that forms from Peritoneum & secretes small amount of fluid that allows testes to move without friction in scrotum

2) Tunica Albuginea- inner covering of thick white fibrous CT that extends into testing and form Septa which divides testis into 300-400 Lobules

3) Lobules- cone-shaped compartments containing Seminiferous Tubules

4) Seminiferous Tubules- 1-3 per lobule where Spermatogenesis (sperm production) occurs.

5) Straight Tubules (tubuli recti)- tube formed by convergence of seminiferous tubules

6) Rete Testis- network of tubes that convey sperm from straight Tubules into efferent ducts

7) Efferent Ducts- tubules made of pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium which helps move sperm through tunica albuginea and out of testes via Epidiymis

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13
Q

Testes Histology (3 specialized cell types & 4 blood structures)

A

1) Interstitial Cells (of Leydig) aka Interstitial Endocrinocytes- cells OUTSIDE and between Seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone

2) Spermatogonia- cells INSIDE Seminiferous Tubules that develop into sperm (germ cells)

3) Sertoli Cells aka Sustentacular Cells aka Nurse Cells- located INSIDE Seminiferous Tubules that protect & nourish developing sperm cells.

4) Blood-Testis Barrier- created due to tight junctions of Sertoli Cells which prevents blood & it’s WBCs from reaching developing sperm (developing sperm form surface antigen which could stimulate an immune response from blood cells that results in sperm destruction).

5) Testicular Artery- carries blood to testis

6) Testicular Vein- carries blood away from testis

7) Pampiniform Plexus- network of veins that surrounds Testicular Artery & reduces temperature of blood entering the testis.

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14
Q

Sperm Pathway (11)

A

1) Produced from Spermatogonia cells in Seminiferous Tubules of Testes
2) Straight Tubule (Tubule Rectus)
3) Rete Testis
4) Efferent Ducts
5) Epididymis (of Scrotum)
6) Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
7) Ampullae
8) Ejaculatory Ducts in Prostate
9) Urethra in Prostate
10) Urethra in Penis
11) Ejaculation

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15
Q

Epididymis (location, function, division (6))

A

1) Tightly coiled TUBE attached to the posterior side of each Testis.
2) 3 Divisions: Head, Body, & Tail
3) Receives sperm & fluid from efferent ducts
4) Site of Sperm MATURATION (sperm at head of epididymis aren’t motile & can’t fertilize an oocyte but sperm from tail can do both)
5) Smooth muscle contraction forces sperm into Vas Deferens
6) Takes 12-16 days for sperm to travel through Epididymis & appear in ejaculate

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16
Q

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) (structure, location, functions (5))

A

1) 2 separate long TUBES
2) Starts at tail of Epididymis, forms Spermatic Cord, and both extend inside pelvis to Ejaculatory Duct
3) End of tubes near prostate gland enlarges to form Ampulla.
4) Stores mature sperm from Epididymis
5) Contracts just before & during Ejaculation to push sperm into Ejaculatory ducts

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17
Q

Spermatic Cord (function, location, & contents (9 total with 7 structural components)

A

1) Cord-like supporting structure of each testis
2) Ascends through & out of Scrotum

Made up by:
1) Vas Deferens
2) Testicular Artery
3) Testicular Vein
4) Pampiniform Plexus
5) Nerves
6) Lymphatic Vessels
7) Cremaster Muscle

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18
Q

Ejaculatory Ducts (structure, location, function (3))

A

1) Pair of SHORT tubes

2) Connect the 2 Vas Deferens at the Ampulla to the single Urethra in Prostate Gland.

2) Propel sperm & Seminal vesicle secretions into prostate Urethra just before & during ejaculation

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19
Q

Urethra (structure, location, function, & 3 sections)

A

1) Single tube extending from bladder to end of penis
2) Conveys Semen (mix of sperm & glandular secretions) & urine out of body

-3 Sections of Urethra
1) Prostatic Urethra- first section/proximal- receives sperm & fluid from prostate & Ejaculatory ducts
2) Membranous Urethra- middle, shortest part
3) Spongy Urethra- distal/longest part that extends to the external urethral orifice

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20
Q

Penis- Erectile Tissue (structure, location, function, & parts (4))

A

1) Sponge-like tissue in body of penis
2) Extensive blood supply to produce erection under parasympathetic stimulation in order to copulate.

  • 3 CYLINDRICAL MASSES -
    1) Corpus Cavernosa- 2 masses on top side
    2) Corpus Spongiosum- mass on underside of penis containing spongy urethra & forms cap over distal end of the penis aka Glans Penis
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21
Q

3 Structural Divisions of Penis (5 total subdivisions)

A

1) Body- aka shaft & Consists of erectile tissue

2) Root- attaches to body & consists of 2 components –> 1) Bulb (rounded base of Corpus Spongiosum) & 2) Crura (2 tapered bases of Corpus Cavernosa).

3) Glans Penis- rounded, distal end of penis, extension of Corpus Spongiosum. Covered with Prepuce (foreskin).

22
Q

Accessory Glands (location, secretion, & function (3))

A
  • ALL EXOCRINE GLANDS

1) Seminal Vesicles- sac shaped glands that join
with Ampullae of Vasa Deferentia to form Ejaculatory duct. –> SECRETE ALKALINE FLUID

2) Prostate Gland- WALNUT shaped gland at base of bladder that SECRETES FLUID containing CITRIC ACID (for ATP production of SPERM) which improves sperm motility & viability.

3) Bulbourethral Glands- aka Cowper’s glands) PAIR of PEA shaped glands under Prostate that SECRETE ALKALINE MUCUS into Urethra that PROTECTS sperm from urine & physical damage during transport.

23
Q

What does the fluid secretion from Seminal Vesicles contain? (3) What property gives it an advantage when contacting female reproductive tract?

A

1) Fructose- provides ATP for sperm
2) Fibrinogen- promotes coagulation of semen
3) Prostaglandins- increases sperm motility

  • Alkaline nature of fluid helps to counter the acidity of the female reproductive tract.
24
Q

What is the process for producing fertilization cells?
Men vs. Women

A

-Gametogenesis

-Spermatogenesis- production of spermatozoa
-Oogenesis- production of oocytes

25
Q

Spermatogenesis (def, location, hormone, protection, amount produced, & length of time)

A

1) Production of immature sperm cells from Germ cells in Seminiferous Tubules of Testes (mature in epididymis to become motile)
2) Stimulated by Testosterone (produced by interstitial cells of Leydig)
3) Surrounded, nourished, and protected by Sertoli Cells or Nurse cells
4) Produces SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION EVERY DAY
5) Process takes 65-75 days

26
Q

1st step of Spermatogenesis

A

1) SPERMATOGONIA (diploid cells at Seminiferous Tubule basement membrane) DIVIDE via MITOSIS= 2 DAUGHTER CELLS

2) TYPE A stays CLOSE & produces more spermatogonia as they divide
3) TYPE B move toward LUMEN of SEMI TUBULE & become PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES

4) PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES= diploid cells with 23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes. (EACH CHROMOSOME= 2 identical chromatids joined by 1 centromere)

27
Q

2nd & 3rd Steps of Spermatogenesis

A

1) Primary Spermatocyte undergoes MEIOSIS I forming 2 DAUGHTER CELLS called SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES. (daughter cells with 23 SINGLE chromosomes each with TWO chromatids)

2) Secondary Spermatocytes undergoes MEIOSIS II which EACH form 2 HAPLOID cells (4 total) called SPERMATIDS (23 SINGLE chromosomes with ONE chromatid)

28
Q

4th (4 steps of 4th step & structure created) & 5th Step of Spermatogenesis

A

4th Step ) SPERMATID undergoes SPERMIOGENESIS to become a sperm cell. (see below)

1) Excess CYTOPLASM discarded & NUCLEAR area becomes sperm HEAD
2) ACROSOME forms (ENZYME containing CAPSULE around head that aids in FERTILIZATION)
3) FLAGELLUM (tail) forms to allow motility
4) MIDPIECE forms body & contains ATP producing mitochandria for motility)

5th Step) SPERMIATION- the release of sperm cells from Stertoli cell into lumen of SEMI tubule

29
Q

SUMMARY OF SPERMATOGENESIS (5 steps)

A

1) Spermatogonia –> Type A daughter cells or Type B daughter cells AKA Primary Spermatocytes via Mitosis

2) Primary Spermatocytes –> Secondary Spermatocytes via Meiosis I

3) Secondary Spermatocytes –> Spermatids via Meiosis II

4) Spermatids –> Sperm Cell via Spermiogenesis

5) Sperm cells released from Sertoli Cell into Lumen of Semi tubules via Spermiation

30
Q

Semen Characteristics (contents, Volume, count, pH, contributors (6))

A

1) Sperm & Gland secretion mixture
2) 2-5 mL volume per ejaculation
3) Normal count= 50-150 million sperm per mL (below 20 million = infertility)
4) pH= 7.2-7.6
5) Contains Seminalplasmin (chemical that acts like an antibiotic)
6) Contributions= Seminal Vesicles= 60%, Prostate= 30%, Testes= 5%

31
Q

4 Major Male Reproductive Hormones (source, target, & function of each)

A

1) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- released by HYPOTHALAMUS & acts on Anterior Pituitary to stimulate secretion of LH & FSH

2) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- GONADOTROPIN released by Anterior Pituitary & acts on INTERSTITIAL CELLS of TESTES to stimulate synthesis & SECRETION of TESTOSTERONE

3) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- GONADOTROPIN released by Anterior Pituitary & acts SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES to support SPERMATOGENESIS

4) Testosterone- released by INTERSTITIAL CELLS in testes & acts on the testes & body tissue & also Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalums in order to INHIBIT GnRH, LH, & FSH secretion through NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

32
Q

What type of reflex is Ejaculation & what is it in response to?

A

Sympathetic spinal reflex in response to cutaneous, visual, olfactory, and/or cerebral stimulation

33
Q

Female Reproductive System Organs (6)

A

1) Ovaries
2) Uterine Tubes
3) Uterus
4) Vagina
5) External Genital Organs (Vulva)
6) Mammary Glands

34
Q

Female Reproductive Tract (3)

A

1) Fallopian tubes
2) Uterus
3) Vagina

35
Q

Structures of the Vulva (external genitalia) (5)

A

1) Mons Pubis
2) Labia Major
3) Labia Minor
4) Clitoris
5) Vestibule (contains vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice, & openings to ducts of the Bartholin’s Glands & Skene’s Glands)

36
Q

Ovaries (function, location, & blood supply (4))

A

1) Essential female reproduction organ (testes)
2) Pair of “almond-shaped” mixed glands that produce female gametes & hormones (ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE)
3) Located in upper pelvic cavity on either side of Uterus
4) Blood supplied via OVARIAN ARTERY & Ovarian branch of UTERINE ARTERY which enter ovary through MESOVARIUM

37
Q

What structures support the Ovaries? (3)

A

1) Ovarian Ligament- connects ovary to UTERUS

2) Suspensory Ligament- connects ovary to PELVIC WALL

3) Mesovarium- extension of Broad Ligament (supports Fallopian tubes, Uterus, & vagina) that forms entrance to Ovary & suspends ovary from FALLOPIAN TUBE

38
Q

Ovary Structures (7)

A

1) Germinal Epithelium
2) Tunica Albugenia
3) Stroma (aka Cortex & Medulla)
4) Ovarian Follicles
5) Mature Follicle
6) Corpus Luteum
7) Corpus Albicans

39
Q

Ovary Layers (4)

A

1) Germinal Epithelium- outermost layer- single layer of squamous or cuboidal cells

2) Tunica Albugenia- inner layer of dense irregular CT

3) Cortex of Stroma- dense outer portion of interior CT Stroma

4) Medulla of Stroma- loose inner portion of interior CT Stroma

40
Q

Internal Structures of Ovary (4)

A

1) Ovarian Follicles- SMALL, rounded enclosures found in CORTEX that contain developing OOCYTES

2) Mature Follicle- ONE per ovary, LARGE, FLUID-FILLED follicle that SECRETE ESTROGENS (burst of follicle & releasing of SECONDARY OOCYTE= OVULATION)

3) Corpus Luteum (“yellow body”)- active REMNANT of ruptured mature follicle. PRODUCES hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, & Relaxin)

4) Corpus Albicans (“white body”)- active REMNANT of ruptured mature follicle. NON-HORMONE producing.

41
Q

Describe the Ovulation Process (2 part process & 2 end results)

A

1) Mature follicle of Ovary ruptures
2) Releases a secondary oocyte (ovum), blood, & follicular fluid

-END RESULT= Secondary oocyte free to be FERTILIZED & mature follicle transformed into a Corpus Luetum which SECRETES hormones.

42
Q

Fallopian Tubes (3)

A

1) 2 Narrow tubes that connect the Ovaries to Uterus
2) SITE OF FERTILIZATION & carry secondary oocyte or ovum toward Uterus.
3) Lined with CILITATED columnar ET to help move oocyte
4) Infundibulum, Ampulla, & Isthmus

43
Q

3 Parts of the Fallopian Tubes

A

1) Infundibulum- FUNNEL shaped portion that contacts with OVARY & contains FINGER-LIKE FIMBRIAE at tip to sweep secondary oocyte into oviduct

2) Ampulla- middle portion & SITE OF FERTILIZATION

3) Isthmus- narrow portion that connects to UTERUS

44
Q

Uterus
(Structure, Location, 3 Regions, & 3 Wall Layers)

A

1) hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ anterior to Rectum & posterior to Bladder
- 3 Regions= Fundus, Body, & Cervix
- 3 Wall Layers= Endometrium, Myometrium, & Perimetrium

45
Q

Uterus Functions (4)

A

1) Pathway for sperm to move toward Fallopian Tubes
2) Menstruation site
3) Implantation site
4) Gestation site

46
Q

3 Layers of Uterus Wall

A

1) Endometrium- Innermost layer with 2 subdivisions
- Stratum Functionalis- layer that sheds during menstration
- Stratum Basalis- layer that regenerates Stratum Funtionalis

2) Myometrium- thick middle layer, responsible for uterine contractions that allow birth

3) Perimetrium- outermost layer

47
Q

What are the homologous structures in Male & Female reproductive system?

A

1) Testes & Ovaries (gamete & hormone production)
2) Scrotum & Labia Majora (protection & temperature)
3) Penis & Clitoris (Glans Penis & Glans Clitoris, nerve supply)
4) Bulbourethral Glands & Bartholin’s Glands (aka Greater Vestibular Glands)- produce lubricating & protecting mucus
4) Prostate Gland & Skene’s Glands (aka Paraurethral Glands)- both produce protecting mucus

48
Q

8 Reproductive Hormones in Females (source, structures they act on, function/cause)

A

1) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- released by HYPOTHALAMUS & acts on Anterior Pituitary to stimulate secretion of LH & FSH

2) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- GONADOTROPIN released by Anterior Pituitary & acts on OVARIES to cause follicles to complete MATURATION & undergo OVULATION & follicle to become the CORPUS LUTEUM

3) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- GONADOTROPIN released by Anterior Pituitary & acts OVARIES to cause follicles to begin development

4) Prolactin- released by Anterior Pituitary & acts on MAMMARY GLANDS to stimulate MILK SECRETION

5) Estrogen- released by FOLLICLES in ovaries & acts on the Uterus & Mammary Glands & also Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalums in order to INHIBIT GnRH, LH, & FSH secretion through NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, cause PROLIFERTION of ENDOMETRIAL cells, & development of Mammary glands

6) Progesterone- released by CORPUS LUTEUM of ovaries & acts on Uterus to cause hypertrophy of endometrial cells, fluid secretion & help maintain pregnancy, & all other estrogen effects (Mammary glands & neg feedback)

7) Oxytocin- released by the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and acts on the Uterus & Mammary Glands to cause CONTRACTION during intercourse & childbirth & contraction of cells in breast to result in milk letdown in lactating females

8) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)- released by PLACENTA and acts on CORPUS LETEUM of ovaries to maintain corpus luteum & increase rate of progesterone secretion during first trimester.

49
Q

Oogenesis (what is it, timeline from start to finish (4))

A

1) Process of gamete (ovum) production in females
2) Begins before a female is born and freezes until puberty
3) Oogenesis is only completed if FERTILIZATION OCCURS
4) Will continue to occur until Menopause

50
Q

Oogenesis Steps

A

1) Starts in developing ovaries of a female FETUS from DIPLOID cells called OOGONIA

2) Oogonia divide via MITOSIS into PRIMARY OOCYTES (which are frozen in Meiosis I until puberty & are considered DIPLOID cells enclosed by PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE (which is made of a SINGLE layer of FOLLICULAR CELLS)

3) At PUBERTY, GnRH is released which triggers release of:
a) FSH which causes SURROUNDING FOLLICULAR CELLS to SWELL & become a PRIMARY FOLLICLE
b) LH which causes PRIMARY OOCYTE to COMPLETE MEIOSIS I & form a larger SECONDARY OOCYTE & a smaller inactive POLAR BODY cell.
c) LH causes FOLLICULAR CELLS to multiply and form layers of GRANULOSA CELLS to become a SECONDARY FOLLICLE & SECRETE a layer of fluid around secondary oocyte called ZONA PELLUCIDA

4) Inner cavity of secondary oocyte = ANTRUM swells with FOLLICULAR FLUID & is now known as a MATURE (GRAAFIAN) FOLLICLE & INNER SECONDARY OOCYTE has begun & froze in MEIOSIS II

5) OVULATION occurs when MATURE FOLLICLE BURSTS

6) IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS then MEIOSIS II will complete & result in a SINGLE HAPLOID OVUM which immediately fuses with sperm cell upon nuclei contact

51
Q
A

A & P II (15 decks)

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