Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P II > Digestive System- Part 2 > Flashcards

Digestive System- Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Regions of the Stomach

A

1) Cardia
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cardia (2)

A

1) Where Esophagus opens into Stomach

2) Lower Esophageal Sphincter surrounds opening (physiological constrictor that can’t be seen anatomically)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fundus

A

Superior part of stomach that lies to the left of the Cardia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Body of Stomach (3)

A

1) Largest part
2) creates a Greater Curvature & Lesser Curvature of Stomach
3) Narrows to form Pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pylorus (aka & 4 parts)

A

1) aka Gatekeeper
2) Pyloric Antrum- wider portion of funnel toward Body
3) Pyloric Canal- narrow part leads to Pyloric Orifice into the Small Intestine
4) Pyloric Sphincter- thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds Pyloric Orifice and regulates movement of stomach contents into small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypertrophic Plyoric Stenosis

A

Common stomach defect where phyloric sphincter is greatly thickened thus interfering with normal stomach emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is unique about the Muscularis layer of the stomach? (2)

A

1) It contains 3 layers
2) Inner oblique layer helps generate the strong stomach contractions that physically break down food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rugae

A

Folds of Submucosa & Mucosa (deep to Muscularis) that arrange when stomach is empty and allows them to stretch when Volume increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gastric Pits (2)

A

1) Tube-like cavities in the Mucous (Innermost) lining of the stomach

2) Serve as openings for gastric glands to secrete acid & other substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 Types of Epithelial Cells of the Stomach

A

1) Surface Mucous cells
2) Mucous Neck cells
3) Parietal cells
4) Chief cells
5) Endocrine cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Surface Mucous cells (location, function, production, connection type, replacement rate (5))

A

1) Only stomach epithelial cell not found in gastric glands –> on surface of gastric pits

2) Protect stomach wall from acid & digestive enzyme damage

3) Produce Alkaline Mucus (which protects the stomach lining and prevents the stomach from digesting itself)

4) Connected by tight junctions (additional barrier)

5) Rapidly replaced when damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mucous Neck cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

A

1) MN- located near openings of gastric glands & Produce mucus

2) P- Produce hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor

3) C- Produce pepsinogen (enzyme) & gastric lipase (enzyme that digests lipids in stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endocrine cells (epithelial cell of stomach) (2)

A

1) Produce regulatory hormones & paracrine factors
2) Several types of endocrine cells (histamine producing, gastrin secreting, & somatostatin secreting)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

To store & mix chyme (some digestion & absorption occur but not its major functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

6 Stomach Secretions

A

1) Hydrochloric acid (HCI)
2) Intrinsic Factor
3) Mucus
4) Pepsinogen
5) Gastric Lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (produced by & function)

A

1) Produced by Parietal cells

2) Decreases stomach pH (keeps pH level at about 2) by killing bacteria that’s ingested

3) Activates Pepsinogen to Pepsin conversion by keeping pH low (can only occur at low pH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pepsin/Pepsinogen (produced by & function (4))

A

1) Pepsinogen (inactive form of Pepsin) produced by Chief cells

2) Packaged in Zymogen granules and released by exocytosis when pepsinogen secretion is stimulated

3) Activated by HCl to form Pepsin

4) Digests proteins into smaller peptide chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Intrinsic Factor (produced by & function (3)))

A

1) Glycoprotein produced by Parietal cells

2) Binds to Vitamin B12 & aids in its absorption in the small intestine

3) B12 important to DNA synthesis & continual RBC production –> lack of B12 absorption can lead to Pernicious Anemia (RBC disorder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the importance of Intrinsic Factor to B12? (2)

What results occur from lack of B12? (2)

A

1) B12 important to DNA synthesis & continual RBC production

2) lack of B12 absorption can lead to Pernicious Anemia (RBC disorder)

3) lack of B12 absorption can lead to neurological symptoms such a peripheral neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gastric Lipase (produced by & function & 1 fact)

A

1) Produced by Chief cells
2) Digests minor amounts of lipids
3) More active during infancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proton Pump (3)

A

1) H+ - K+ exchange pump

2) Key player in formation of Hydrochloric Acid by parietal cells in gastric glands of stomach

3) Actively transports H+ across the mucosal surface of the parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach

22
Q

PRODUCTION OF HCL VIA PROTON PUMP STEPS???

A

PG. 930

23
Q

What are the chemical messengers (hormones) that regulate stomach secretions? (3)

A

1) Gastrin
2) Secretin
3) Cholecystokinin

24
Q

What are the 3 phases of the regulation of stomach secretions (aka creation of gastric juice)?

A

1) Cephalic- “Get Started”
2) Gastric- “ Go for it”
3) Intestinal- “Slow down”

25
Q

Describe the Cephalic (reflex) Phase of gastric juice production (3)

A

1) Initiated by sensory receptors in the head which leads to increased gastric juice production

2) Parasympathetic response via Vagus (X) nerve

3) Emotional distress can trigger sympathetic stimulation which can slow this phase

26
Q

Describe the Gastric Phase of gastric juice production (3)

A

1) Stretch receptors in stomach wall stimulated when food enters stomach (triggering further production)

2) Phase can also be triggered by Gastrin (hormone) produced by G cells (aka enteroendocrine cells) in the pyloric atrium

3) When stomach content pH falls below 2, Gastrin & overall stomach secretion production blocked.

27
Q

Describe Intestinal Phase of gastric juice production (2)

A

1) Stretch receptors in the duodenum stimulated when chyme enters small intestine.

2) Gastric secretions inhibited when chyme pH falls below 2 via Secretin, Cholecystokinin, & GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide) (hormones) & Enterogastric Reflex (nervous system reflex)

28
Q

How does Secretin affect gastric secretions during gastric juice production? (2)

A

1) Hormone released during the Intestinal Phase in response to ACIDIC SOLUTIONS in the Duodenum.

2) INHIBITS gastric secretions of both Parietal & Chief Cells

29
Q

How does Cholecystokinin (CCK) affect gastric secretions during gastric juice production? (2)

A

1) Hormone released during Intestinal Phase in response to FATTY ACIDS & LIPIDS in the Duodenum & Proximal Jejunum.

2) INHIBITS gastric secretions & stomach emptying

30
Q

How does the Enterogastric Reflex affect gastric secretions during gastric juice production? (3)

A

1) LOCAL reflex & nervous system reflex integrated within Medulla Oblongota

2) Activated by duodenal wall extension, presence of irritating substance in duodenum, reduced pH, & hypertonic or hypotonic solutions

3) INHIBITS gastric secretions & gastric motility

31
Q

How long does it take the stomach to empty after eating?

How long does it take carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids to pass through the stomach?

A
  • 2-6 hours after eating
  • Carbs- 2 hours
  • Proteins- 4 hours
  • Lipids- 6 hours
32
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum

33
Q

What does the small intestine connect to?

Where does it receive secretions from? (2)

A
  • Connects at the stomach with the duodenum & with the large intestine at the ileum via Ileocecal Sphincter (ileocecal valve)
  • Liver & Pancreas release secretions into the Duodenum
34
Q

Absorption & Digestion Facts about the Small Intestine (4)

A

1) Where greatest amount of digestion & absorption of nutrients & water occurs

2) Major absorption sites= Duodenum & Jejunum

3) Absorption of water via OSMOSIS

4) Over 90% of water is absorbed before the large intestine

35
Q

3 Structural Modifications that Increase surface area of Small Intestine

A

1) Circular folds- formed by mucosa & submucosa layers

2) Villi- finger like projections of the mucosa

3) Brush border- combined microvilli that cover entire surface

36
Q

4 Cell Types in the Mucosa of the Small Intestine

A

1) Absorptive Cells- in microvilli & Produce digestive enzymes & absorb digested food

2) Goblet cells- produce protective mucus

3) Granular cells (PANETH cells)- protect intestinal epithelium from bacteria via lysozyme secretion

4) Endocrine cells- produce regulatory hormones

37
Q

2 Glands of the Small Intestine (location, akas, & which cells they house)

A

1) Intestinal Glands aka CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN- located in the Mucosa layer at the base of villi. –> house Absorptive & Goblet cells

2) Duodenal Glands aka BRUNNER Glands- located in the Submucosa layer and open into the base of the Intestinal Glands –> house Granular & Endocrine cells

38
Q

2 Enzymes of Small Intestinal Wall

A

1) AKA Brush Border enzymes because they are bound to the membranes of absorptive cell microvilli

2) Disaccharidase- breaks down disaccharides to monosaccharides

3) Peptidases- hydrolyze Peptide bonds between small amino acid chains

39
Q

Anatomy of Liver (4)

A

1) Largest internal organ (3lbs)

2) Right and Left lobe seen from anterior view (front) & separated by Falciform Ligament

3) Quadrate lobe & Caudate lobe seen from posterior view

4) Houses Gallbladder (small bile storing sac) & Porta Hepatis

40
Q

3 Parts of Porta Hepatis

A

1) Hepatic Portal Vein- where blood flows into liver

2) Hepatic Artery- how blood leaves liver

3) Hepatic Ducts- 2 ducts, one from each right and left lobe where bile flows out

41
Q

Histology of Liver (4)

A

1) Made up of HEPATIC CORDS- strings of cells coming out of central vein of each lobule.

2) Cords consist of HEPATOCYTES- functional epithelial cells around veins that take up nutrients from portal blood

3) Hepatic Sinusoids- blood channels in spaces between Hepatic Cords that contain Hepatic Phagocytic cells AKA KUPFFER cells

4) Kupffer cells destroy worn out blood cells, bacteria & foreign debris in the blood passing through the Sinusoids-.

42
Q

Liver Functions (6)

A

1) Production of Bile
2) Production of Heparin (anticoagulant), plasma proteins, & blood clotting proteins
3) Detoxification of blood
4) Breakdown of hemoglobin
5) Removal of bacteria & other foreign matte from blood
6) Storage of vitamins, minerals, & Glycogen

43
Q

What does Bile consist of? (5)

Bile production site & pathway

A

1) Water
2) Ions
3) Bilirubin (Bile pigment)
4) Cholesterol
5) Bile Salts

Produced by liver then sent to Gallbladder which releases it into the Duodenum (small intestine)

44
Q

How does Bile play a role in digestion? (3)

A

1) NO DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

2) Neutralizes stomach acid –> alkaline pH of bile mixes with acidic chyme entering the Duodenum which neutralizes pH

3) Emulsifies lipids- via bile salts which is necessary for digestion by lipase

45
Q

ENDOCRINE Cells of Pancreas & their 3 hormones produced

EXOCRINE Gland of Pancreas & product

A
  • Pancreatic Islets aka Islets of Langerhans Cells produce 3 Hormones

1) Glucagon
2) Insulin
3) Somatostatin

-Acinar glands which house acinar cells that produce digestive enzyme aka enzymatic component of pancreatic juice)

46
Q

Pancreatic Juice

(location & contents (7 TOTAL –> Will Sodium Pan-fry Pancakes or Try Chopping Proteins)

A
  • Released into Duodenum (Small Intestine) from Pancreas

1) Water (majority)
2) Sodium Bicarbonate (maintains pH of 7.1-8.2)
3) Pancreatic amylase (Maltose & Isomaltose digestion)
4) Pancreatic lipase (lipid digestion into fatty acids & monoglycs)
5) Trypsinogen (Activated/converted into Trypsin by Enterokinase)
6) Chymotrypsinogen (Activated/converted into Chymotrypsin by Trypsin)
7) Procarboxypeptidase (Activated/converted into Carboxypeptidase by Tripsin)

47
Q

4 Parts of the Large Intestine

A

1) Cecum
2) Colon
3) Rectum
4) Anal Canal

48
Q

How long does it take for material to pass through the Large intestine vs. small intestine?

A

18-24 hours for the Large intestine & site where chyme is converted to feces

3-5 hours in the Small intestine where chyme passes thorugh

49
Q

Cecum (2)

A

1) Connects small and large intestine at ileocecal junction
2) Vermiform Appendix- worm looking structure attached to head

50
Q

Organic Molecule (aka, 4 classes, & content)

A

1) aka Macromolecules

2) 4 Classes –> Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (aka Polypeptides), & Nucleic Acids

3) Contains Carbon (and usually Hydrogen) & may also contain Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, & Sulfur

51
Q

Carbohydrates

A

1) Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen (often in 1:2:1 ratio)

2) Monosaccharides= small sugars (Glucose & Fructose)

3) Disaccharides= Pairs of monos –> Sucrose

4) Polysaccharides= complex carbs, long chains of monos –> EX: Starch, Cellulose, & Glycogen

52
Q

Lipids

A

1) Contain large amounts of C and H but very little O

A & P II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions