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Physiology 101 > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

basic structure + function of reproductive systems

A
  • gonads = produce gametes (males - testes produce spermatozoa, females - ovaries produce oocyte)
  • ducts that receive + transport gametes
  • accessory glands + organs that secrete fluids involved
  • perineal structures - external genitalia
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2
Q

define meiosis

A

production of haploid cells (23 chromosomes) from diploid cells

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3
Q

describe the structures involved with sperm production and secretion

A

testes = produce spermatozoa

epididymis = maturation of sperm (18hrs -10 days) + storage

ductus deferens = stores sperm / conduit for sperm delivery

urethra = passageway for urine from bladder / spermatozoa/semen from ejaculatory duct

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4
Q

describe the accessory glands involved in sperm production + secretion

A
  • seminal glands = secretes largest quantity of fluid for semen production / ducts drain into ductus deferens
  • prostate gland = produces prostatic fluids that mix w/ seminal fluids in the urethra
  • bulbourethral glands = mucous secreting glands located at base of penis
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5
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis

A
  1. begin as stem cell (spermatogonium)
  2. divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells (one is stem cell, other differentiates into primary spermatocyte)
  3. spermatocytes undergo meiosis to form gametes (divide into secondary spermatocytes then into spermatids)
  4. spermatids mature to spermatozoa -> released into lumen
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6
Q

epididymis function

A
  • maturation + storage of spermatozoa
  • monitors + adjusts fluid composition
  • acts as recycling centre
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7
Q

ductus deferens function

A
  • storage of inactive spermatozoa
  • accessory glands aid w/ creation of semen when spermatozoa moved to ejaculatory duct
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8
Q

seminal glands function

A
  • make up 60% volume of semen
  • alkaline to neutralise prostate + vaginal acids
  • contains prostaglandins, fructose + fibrinogen
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9
Q

prostate gland function

A
  • 20-30% volume of semen
  • secretes acidic, prostatic fluid
  • contributes to sperm motility + viability
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10
Q

bulbourethral glands function

A
  • secrete thick, alkaline mucous
  • neutralises urinary acids + lubricates penis
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11
Q

what is semen + how much sperm is released in it

A
  • thick whitish fluid containing sperm, seminal fluid + enzymes
  • 2-5ml/ejaculation
  • 20-100 mil. sperm/mL
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12
Q

6 functions of nurse cells

A
  • maintenance of blood-testis barrier
  • supports mitosis + meiosis
  • supports spermiogenesis
  • secretion of inhibin (neg. feedback loop -> depress FSH + GRH to prevent overproduction)
  • secretes androgen-binding protein
  • secretes mullerian inhibiting factor (important for descent of testes)
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13
Q

function of interstitial cells of leydig

A

secretes androgens - testosterone

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14
Q

function of testosterone

A
  • released in response to LH from pituitary
  • controls development, growth + maintenance of male sex organs
  • stimulates bone + muscle growth
  • sexual behaviour
  • final maturation of sperm
  • stimulates descent of testes
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15
Q

what 5 hormones ultimately control the production + maturation of sperm

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • inhibin
  • testosterone
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16
Q

function of the ovaries

A
  • production of oocyte via meiosis
  • oocytes grow + mature in follicles until ovulation
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17
Q

function of fallopian tubes

A

transportation + nourishment for oocyte
-> 3 -4 days to move through

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18
Q

uterus function

A
  • mechanical protection, nutritional support + waste removal for embryo/foetus
  • contraction during childbirth
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19
Q

what are the 3 main layers of the utuerus

A
  • perimetrium = outer serosal wall
  • myometrium = muscular layer
  • endometrium = grows + provides attachment location for oocyte
    -> stratum basalis
    -> stratum functionalis
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20
Q

mammary glands function

A
  • milk production for infant nourishment after birth
  • controlled by hormones such as oxytocin + prolactin
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21
Q

ovarian cycle definition

A

monthly series of events associated w/ maturation of an ovum

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22
Q

menstrual cycle definition

A

series of changes in the endometrium of a non-pregnant female

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23
Q

describe the 6 steps of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. primordial follicles in egg nest = primary oocytes in clusters -> activated from puberty
  2. formation of primary follicles = oocytes X completed first stage of meiosis / thecal + granulosa cells surrounding oocyte produce estrogens
  3. formation of secondary follicles = meiosis 1 stays suspended but oocyte begins to grow
  4. formation of mature graafian (tertiary) follicles = meiosis 1 complete / meiosis 2 halts in metaphase
  5. ovulation = tertiary follicles releases secondary oocyte / wall of follicle ruptures releasing contents -> oocyte moves to fallopian tube
  6. formation of corpus luteum + corpus albians = progesterone + estrogen released -> ready uterus for possible pregnancy / no pregnancy results in hormones declining - menses
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24
Q

describe the 3 steps of oogenesis

A
  1. mitosis of oogonium (stem cell) = primary oocyte forms (all occurs before birth)
  2. meiosis 1 = primary oocyte prepares to undergo meiosis - halts in prophase until puberty when 1 oocyte per month completes meiosis 1 + divides into secondary oocyte
  3. meiosis 2 = secondary oocyte enters meiosis 2 + halts in metaphase until fertilisation
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25
Q

summarise the ovarian cycle in regards of days

A
  1. during foetal development
    2-4. (days 1-13) follicular phase of each ovarian cycle
  2. (day 14) ovulation
    6-7. (days 15-28) luteal phase
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26
Q

summarise the menstrual cycle in regards to days

A
  • proliferative phase (day 8-14) = replacement of functional zone
  • ovulation (day 14) = marks change to new phase of menstrual cycle
  • secretory phase (day 15-28) secretion/thickening of functional zone
  • menses (day 0-7) = will take place if there is no fertilisation of the oocyte w/ a spermatozoa
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27
Q

function of estrogens

A
  • control female secondary sexual characteristics eg. breasts + uterus
  • causes proliferation of uterine endometrium
  • inhibits FSH production as levels rise + triggers LH production
28
Q

function of progesterone

A
  • only act on tissues which have previously been affected by estrogen
  • causes endometrial growth + secretory changes in lining of uterus
  • makes body temp ruse by 0.5*c after ovulation
29
Q

describe the hormones regulation occurring in days 15-28 of both cycles

A
  • LH released under GnRH control until progesterone levels increase
  • estrogen levels decline
  • if no fertilised ovum, all hormone levels decline whilst GnRH begins to ready the production of FSH + LH for a new cycle
30
Q

describe the hormone regulation of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • LH causes formation of corpus luteum + secretion of progesterone
  • GnRH stimulates more LH than FSH which maintains structure of corpus luteum
  • as progesterone levels rise estrogen levels fall slightly
  • corpus luteum disintegrates + forms corpus albicans as cycle ends
  • hormone levels decline at day 28 + new cycle begins
31
Q

describe the hormone regulation of the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A
  • progesterone secreted, preparing uterus for pregnancy
  • enhances blood supply + uterine glandular secretions increase
  • endometrial layer thickens in preparation for pregnancy
  • day 28 if no fertilised oocyte implants, hormones decline + menses begin
32
Q

describe how the contraception pill works

A
  • minute doses of estrogens + progesterone
  • slows the hypothalamic-pituitary actions
    -> neg. feedback decreases GnRH release
    -> inhibits follicular development + prevents ovulation
    -> increases cervical mucus to inhibit sperm
33
Q

describe what occurs during menopause

A
  • cessation of ovulation + menstruation after around 450 ovarian cycles
  • decreased estrogen + progesterone, decreased responsiveness of ovaries to FSH + LH
  • increased conc. of GnRH which increases FSH + LH
  • failure of follicles to mature
34
Q

pre embryo definition

A

conceptus from fertilisation until 2 weeks old

35
Q

embryo definition

A

conceptus during 3rd to 8th week

36
Q

foetus definition

A

conceptus from 9th week through to birth

37
Q

describe the trimesters of gestation

A

1st trimester = rudiments of major organ systems appear
2nd trimester = development of foetus + organ systems
3rd trimester = rapid foetal growth + deposition of adipose tissue / organ systems become fully functional

38
Q

how long are oocytes + sperm viable for

A

oocyte = 12-48 hrs
sperm = 24-72 hrs

39
Q

describe the steps to sperm penetration

A
  • ovulated oocyte encapsulated by corona radiata + zona pellucida
  • sperm break bonds b/t corona radiata cells
  • sperm binds to the zona pellucida -> digests path through to oocyte surface where they fuse
  • binding of one sperm prevents other sperm from fusing
40
Q

describe the steps of meiosis II completion + fertilisation

A
  • when sperm enters, secondary oocyte completes meiosis II
  • ovum + sperm nuclei swell + 2 nuclei come together
  • cell undergoes first cleavage + yield 2 daughter cells (blastomeres)
  • morula formation occurs up to 72 hrs + reaches uterus ready for implantation
41
Q

describe the blastocyst of the pre-embryo

A
  • single layer of trophoblasts (which provide nutrients to developing embryo)
  • an inner cell mass (eventually becomes embryo)
42
Q

describe the steps to implantation

A

6-7 days after ovulation:
- trophoblast erodes path through uterine wall
- inner cell mass separates from trophoblast
-> forms embryonic disc
-> amniotic cavity forms on one side, yolk sac on other

43
Q

function of amniotic cavity + yolk sac

A

amniotic cavity = provides buoyant environment, homeostatic temp for foetus development

yolk sac = primary nutrient source for early embryo until placenta takes over

44
Q

what is gastrulation

A

where the 2-layered embryonic disc becomes a 3-layered embryo

45
Q

describe what occurs by day 12 in terms of gastrulation

A

blastocyst develops into gastrula w/ 3 germ layers
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- enderderm

-> layers form different body systems

46
Q

describe placentation

A

formation of placenta from:
- embryonic trophoblastic/mesoderm tissues

-> vessels develop in embryonic tissues to supply nutrients for development (no mixing of maternal/foetal blood occurs)

47
Q

describe what happens to the chorion during placentation

A

chorion = chorionic membrane

  • become vascularised
  • extend to embryo as arteries + veins
  • embryo, amnion + yolk sac float in fluid filled chamber
  • attached to placenta by body stalk (becomes umbilical cord)
48
Q

describe process of embryogensis + organogenesis

A
  • after gastrulation, body of embryo starts to separate from rest of embryonic disc
  • body of embryo + organs start to form
    -> wk 4 = head + tail folds form
    -> organogenesis est. in first trimester + continues until 3rd trimester
49
Q

role of hCG

A

function resembles LH - keeps corpus luteum functional for 3-4 months

50
Q

role of estrogens + progesterone in pregnancy

A
  • produced by corpus luteum + placenta
  • maintain pregnancy + endometrium then stimulate labour + delivery
51
Q

hPL + placental prolactin function

A

preparation of mammary glands

52
Q

relaxin function

A
  • increase pelvic flexibility (while baby grows)
  • increases cervical dilation (delays oxytocin until uterine contractions should begin)
53
Q

describe the metabolic changes during pregnancy + the hormone responsible

A

from human placental lactogen (hPL)
- glucose sparing effect (more for baby)
- 10-30% increase in nutritional requirements

54
Q

describe the CV changes during pregnancy

A
  • increased blood volume + Q
  • decreased BP

-> b/c of blood flowing to placenta

55
Q

describe the renal system changes during pregnancy

A
  • dilation + enlargement of kidneys/ureters
  • increased urine production
56
Q

describe the respiratory system changes during pregnancy

A
  • increased V + O2
  • decreased CO2
57
Q

describe the gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy

A
  • morning sickness b/c of increased estrogen + progesterone
  • decreased motility + gastric emptying
58
Q

describe the changes to the mammary glands during pregnancy

A
  • growth + development for lactation due to hormones
59
Q

describe the uterine changes during pregnancy

A
  • increased size + weight
  • changes occur through hypertrophy of existing cells (myometrium smooth muscle fibres enlarge)
60
Q

describe the events leading up to labour

A
  • estrogen peaks in last weeks of pregnancy causing myometrium irritability
    -> weak braxton-hicks contractions occur
  • oxytocin + prostaglandins cause uterine contractions as birth nears
  • emotional + physical stress activates hypothalamus + sets up +ve feedback loop releasing more oxytocin
61
Q

describe the dilation stage of labour

A
  • onset of labour
  • cervix dilates
    -contractions begin + increase slowly + frequency
  • ‘water breaks’ late in stage
62
Q

describe the expulsion stage of labour

A
  • begins when cervix fully dilated (10cm)
  • contractions increase in intensity, duration + length
  • continues until foetus has been delivered
63
Q

describe the placental stage of labour

A
  • after delivery of newborn
  • muscle tension builds up in walls of partially empty uterus
  • contractions tear connection b/t placenta + endometrium
  • ejection of placenta occurs
64
Q

describe the foetal circulation changes after birth

A
  • 3 vascular shunts shut off after lungs inflate + pattern of blood flow + pressure is changed suddenly
  • creates normal circulatory system of human body
65
Q

describe how a newborn baby starts to breath

A
  • CO2 builds up after umbilical cord cut
  • lungs inflate + surfactant in alveolar fluid helps reduce surface tension
  • ductus arteriosus closes -> isolates pulmonary + systemic trunks
    -> foramen ovale closes = 2 separate atria, 2 separate circuits
66
Q

describe the hormonal control of lactation

A
  • estrogen, progesterone + lactogen stimulate hypothalamus to release PRH
    -> anterior pituitary responds by releasing prolactin
67
Q

benefits of breast milk for the infant

A
  • contains important nutrients eg. AAs + sugars
  • has antibodies

Physiology 101 (8 decks)

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