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Physiology 101 > Integumentary system > Flashcards

Integumentary system Flashcards

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1
Q

divisions of the integumentary system

A

cutaneous membrane
- skin

accessory structures
- hair
- nails
- exocrine glands

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2
Q

5 general functions of skin

A
  • protect underlying tissues + organs
  • excretes salt, water + organic wastes
  • maintains body temp
  • synthesises vitamin D3
  • stores lipids
  • detects touch, pressure, pain + temp
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3
Q

describe the epidermis

A

outer, thinner layer
composed of epithelium

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4
Q

describe the dermis

A

inner, thicker layer
composed of connective tissue
contains nerves

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5
Q

describe the structureof the hypodermis

A

fat store
contains blood vessels
has pacinian corpuscles (sensitive to pressure)

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6
Q

list the 5 layers of the epidermis in order from outermost

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
    3.stratum granulosum
  3. strata spinosum
  4. stratum basale/germinativum
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7
Q

structure of stratum corneum

A
  • multiple layers of dead, flat keratinocytes
  • water resistant, X waterproof
  • fluid loss via insensible perspiration
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8
Q

structure of stratum lucidum

A

dead keratinocytes
present in thick skin subject to increased friction

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9
Q

structure of stratum granulosum

A
  • keratin fibres develop as cells become thinner + flatter
  • lamellar granules secrete waterproofing chemical
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10
Q

structure of strata spinosum

A

desmosomes hold cells together

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11
Q

structure of stratum basale

A

attached to basement membrane
made of stem cells, melanocytes, dendritic cells + tactile cells

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12
Q

describe the formation of a callus

A

abnormal thickening of stratum corneum due to constant exposure of skin to friction

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13
Q

list the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

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14
Q

structure + function of papillary layer

A
  • areolar tissue
  • contains small capillaries, lymphatics + sensory neurons
  • contains tactile corpuscles
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15
Q

structure + function of reticular layer

A
  • dense, irregular connective tissue
  • collagen + elastic fibres provide strength + flexibility
  • contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels + nerve fibres
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16
Q

what can be used to assess skin dehydration in the clinic

A

skin turgor - elasticity of skin + its ability to change shape + return back to normal

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17
Q

what is dermatitis + its causes

A
  • inflammation of papillary layer
  • caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation or chemicals
  • itch or pain
18
Q

what causes sagging skin + wrinkles + what is it

A
  • reduced skin elasticity
  • dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure
19
Q

what are stretch marks + what causes them

A

thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin due to weight gain or pregnancy

20
Q

medical importance of cleavage lines of dermis

A

b/c collagen + elastic fibres arranged in parallel bundles, cuts into skin must be made in parallel fashion

21
Q

structure + function of hypodermis

A
  • connects dermis to underlying tissue
  • loose connective tissue + fat cells
  • contains large blood vessels w/ no vital organs
22
Q

differentiate b/t carotene + melanin

A

carotene = orange/yellow
- in epidermal cells + fatty tissues or dermis
- can be converted into vitamin A

melanin = yellow/black pigment
- produced in stratum basale of epithelium
- protects DNA in skin cells from sun damage

23
Q

describe hermansky-pudlak syndrome

A

deficiences in biogenesis of lysosome related organelles including melanosomes (required for transport of melanin)
-> albinism + prolonged bleeding

24
Q

pathway involved in vitamin D production via skin

A

sunlight
(in skin) steroid compound -> cholecalciferol

intermediary product in liver

calcitriol in kidney
-> stimulate Ca2+ absorption

25
Q

what is hair + its structure

A
  • non living structures produced in hair follicles
  • dead columns of keratinised cells held together by extracellular proteins (has shaft + root)
26
Q

structures that enable hair movement detection

A

dendrites of hair root plexuses

27
Q

function of hair

A
  • protects + insulates skull
  • guards openings against particles + insects
  • sensitive to very light touch
28
Q

why does hair vary in colour

A
  • amount + type of melanin in keratinised cells
  • grey hair = progrwssive decline in synthesis of tyrosinase enzyme
29
Q

what causes goosebumps

A

contraction of arrector pilli muscle - under control of symp. NS

30
Q

structure + function of sebaceous glands

A
  • connected to hair follicles + discharge oily lipid secretion (sebum) onto hair follicle
31
Q

what is the cause of pimples

A

when the opening of a sebaceous gland is blocked

32
Q

location + function of apocrine sweat glands

A
  • skin of axilla, areolae, pubis + beard (males)
  • sticky, cloudy secretions which sometimes produce an odour
33
Q

location + function of merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

A
  • widely distributed on body surface - palms of hands + soles of feet
  • fluid secreted via pore
  • fluid made of water + ions, main function is heat loss
34
Q

location + function of ceruminous glands

A
  • external auditory canal
  • produce ear wax
35
Q

nail structure + function

A
  • plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinised epidermal cells
  • protect exposed surface of finger + toe tips
36
Q

describe the 3 components of the nail

A

lunula = area of thickened stratum basale

hyponychium (nail bed) = thickened stratum corneum / secures nail to top of digit

eponychium (cuticle) = narrow band of epithelium occupying proximal border of nail

37
Q

describe the 4 steps to epidermal wound healing

A
  • basal cells of epidermis break contact w/ basement membrane
  • enlarge + migrate across wound
  • stop migration due to contact inhibition
  • relocated cells divide to build new epidermal layers + thicken epidermis
38
Q

describe the 4 phases of repair of deep wound healing

A
  1. inflammatory
    blood clot forms, loosely binding wound edges / inflammation
  2. migratory phase
    - clot becomes scab
    - epithelial cells migrate beneath scan to bridge wound
    - fibroblasts migrate + form collagen
  3. proliferative phase
    - extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab
    - random deposition of collagen fibres
    - blood vessel growth
  4. maturation phase
    - collagen fibres become organised
    - epithelium restored to normal thickness + scab comes off
    - blood vessels restored
39
Q

differentiate b/t UVA + UVB rays

A

UVA = skin tanning / long term damage

UVB = main cause of sunburn
DNA damage in epidermal cells

40
Q

describe the effects of ageing

A
  • increased skin injuries + infections
  • reduced immune system
  • muscles weaker
  • decreased bone strength
  • increased sensitivity to sun
41
Q

differentiate b/t sensible + insensible perspiration

A

insensible = interstitial fluid lost via evaporation through stratum corneum

sensible perspiration = activation of sweat glands to secrete sweat - cooling effect

Physiology 101 (8 decks)

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