Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 101 > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

general functions of hormones

A
  1. regulate:
    - chem comp/volume of internal fluids
    - metabolism
    - contraction of smooth/cardiac muscle fibres
    - glandular secretions
  2. control growth + development
  3. regulate operation of reproductive systems
  4. est. circadian rhythms
  5. mobilise body’s defense against stressors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 cellular functions of hormones

A
  1. alter memb. permeability
    - change enzyme/memb. channel off or on by changing its shape/structure
  2. activating or inactivating key enzymes
    - increase or decrease rate of synthesis by changing rate of transcription/translation
  3. changing genetic activity
    - stim. synthesis of new enzymes by activating appropriate genes in the nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

structure + function of endocrine glands

A
  • ductless
  • well vascularised
  • secrete hormones into ECF

affect distant target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of hormones + what determines their effect

A
  • move through bloodstream into ECF of tissues

biological activity of tissue determined by:
- conc. of hormone
- receptor + receptor affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes + effects of acromegaly

A

increased production of growth hormone

  • growth of hands + feet
  • brow protrusion
  • soft tissue swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

differentiate b/t the endocrine + nervous systems (4 things)

A

NS -
direct comm.
quick response
responds to physical + chem stimuli
capable of secreting

endocrine -
indirect comm.
slow acting, slow response
responds to chem. stimuli
capable of secreting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the amino acid derivative class of hormones

A
  • small + structurally related to amino acids
  • synthesised from amino acids
    eg. tyrosine + tryptophan -> thyroid hormone + melatonin respectively
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the peptide class of hormone

A
  • chains of amino acids
  • synthesised as prohormones (inactive molecules converted to active ones before/after secretion)
  • 2 groups:
    glycoproteins eg. TSH, LH + FSH
    short polypeptide chains + small proteins eg. ADH + oxytocin, prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the lipid derivative class of hormone

A

2 groups:

  1. eicosanoids- derived from arachidonic acid eg. prostaglandins
  2. steroid hormones - derived from cholesterol eg. androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

differentiate b/t the 2 mechanisms of hormone transport + their features

A

free hormones:
- functional for less than an hour, inactive when diffuse out of bloodstream, are absorbed or broken down

thyroid + steroid hormones:
- remain in circulation much longer
- enter bloodstream -> bind to special transport proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe the mechanism of action of water soluble hormones

A

cannot cross PM therefore act via second messengers
-> bind to extracellular proteins + have effect via secondary messengers eg. G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe how cyclic AMP is synthesised + activated

A
  • hormone binds to membrane receptor (adenylate cyclase via G protein)
  • AC catalyses synthesis of cAMP
  • cAMP changes metabolism:
    -> activates enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the mechanism of action of lipid based hormones

A
  • can diffuse across the PM
  • bind to + activate receptors in cytoplasm/nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what 3 things regulate hormone secretion

A
  • CNS
  • chem. changes in blood
  • other hormones (tropins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pineal gland function

A
  • secretes melatonin
  • set diurnal rhythms
  • inhibits reproductive functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do the heart, thymus + adipose tissue have endocrine functions

A

heart = secretes natriuretic peptide when cardiac muscle cells stretch

thymus = lymphoid tissue that produces thymosins -> development + maturation of T cells

adipose tissue = produce leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do the digestive system, kidneys + gonads have endocrine function

A

digestive system = secretes hormones that control local function eg. gastrin, CCK

kidneys = release calcitriol, EPO + renin

gonads = testes produce androgens + inhibin, ovaries produce estrogens, progesterone + inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

integrate activities of NS + ES together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of infundibulum

A

helps w/ communication + control of processes b/t hypothalamus + pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does the hypothalamus integrate the ES + NS activities

A
  1. secretes regulatory hormones
  2. acts as endocrine organ
  3. contains autonomic centres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

differentiate b/t releasing + inhibiting hormones

A

releasing = stimulate secretion of hormones from ant. pit

inhibiting = prevent synthesis + secretion of hormones from ant. pit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what response does the hypothalamus have direct neural control over

A

the stress response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the typical pathway of hypothalamic releasing hormones + effects

A

releasing hormone
hormone 1 (from pituitary)
endocrine target organ
hormone 2 (from endocrine target organ)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

describe the structure + function of the pituitary gland

A
  • lies within sella turcica / hangs inferiorly to hypothalamus
  • divided into anterior + posterior lobes
  • releases 9 peptide hormones (7 from ant, 2 from post)
26
Q

what is the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones controlled by

A
  • neg feedback
  • releasing + inhibiting factors from hypothalamus
27
Q

7 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A
  1. growth hormone (somatotrophin)
  2. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • gonadotrophins:
    3. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
    4. LH (luteinizing hormone)
  1. prolactin
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH/corticotropin)
  3. melanotropin (MSH/melanocyte stimulating hormone)
28
Q

2 hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

ADH
oxytocin

29
Q

what does oxytocin stimulate smooth muscle contraction in

A

mammary glands
uterus
prostate gland + sperm ducts

30
Q

structure + location of thyroid gland

A
  • anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx
  • consists of 2 lobes -> connected by isthmus
31
Q

name + describe the functional units of the thyroid gland

A
  • follicles
  • synthesise + secrete thyroid hormones T3 + T4
32
Q

function + action of thyroid hormones

A

regulate body’s metabolic rate
- increase energy consumption + heat production
- degrade liver glycogen, fat stores + muscle protein

33
Q

describe the steps to the -ve feedback loop involving thyroid hormone release

A
  1. decreased levels of circulating thyroid hormone/lowered body temp
  2. TRH released from hypothalamus
  3. stimulates ant. pit to release TSH
  4. TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release active T3 + T4 into bloodstream
  5. T3 + T4 transported in blood bound to plasma proteins -> this increase in thyroid hormone returns body to homeostasis
34
Q

describe the condition of goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid gland X associated w/ inflammation or cancer
- can be due to iodine deficiency

35
Q

describe the condition of cretinism

A

underproduction of thyroid hormone in an infant

36
Q

describe the condition + symptoms of myxoedema

A
  • hypothyroidism in adult
  • early symptoms = fatigue, forgetfulness, unexplained weight gain
  • progressive symptoms = decreased mental stability, puffy face, decreased cardiac output + HR
37
Q

describe the condition of grave’s disease + its symptoms

A
  • hyperthyroidism
  • weight loss, nervousness + restlessness, fatigue + weakness, heat intolerance
38
Q

function of c cells in thyroid gland

A

produce calcitonin - released in response to increasing Ca2+ conc.

39
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

40
Q

name + describe the function o0f the 2 cell types of the parathyroid glands

A

chief cells = secrete parathyroid hormone

oxyphil cells = reserve capacity of PTH / largely unknown function

41
Q

describe the function of parathyroid hormone

A
  • important in calcium homeostasis
  • increases free Ca2+ in bone (by resorption of Ca2+ from bone) + kidneys (by reabsorbing filtered Ca2+ + activating vitamin D3)
42
Q

function of vitamin D3 (calcitriol)

A

increase free Ca2+

43
Q

function of calcitonin

A

decrease levels of free Ca2+ by stopping resorption from bones + increasing excretion at kidneys

44
Q

what are the effects of Ca2+ imbalances

A
  • increased = depresses neuromuscular activity
  • decreased = over excitability of neurons/muscles
45
Q

name + describe disorder caused by too much/too little PTH of vit. D deficiency

A

hypocalcemia
- decreased blood Ca2+ levels
- increased excitability of neuromuscular tissue
- tetany, twitching + spasms

46
Q

describe hypercalcemia + its symptoms

A
  • increased blood Ca2+ levels
  • depression of neuromuscular system
  • memory impairment, depression, mood swings
  • softening/deformity of bones
47
Q

what is rickets

A

lack of vitamin D

48
Q

location + subdivisions of adrenal glands

A
  • lie along superior border of each kidney
  • divided into:
    adrenal cortex (superficial)
    adrenal medulla (inner)
49
Q

function of adrenal cortex

A

manufactures steroid hormones from cholesterol + fatty acids
- adrenocortical steroids (corticosteroids)

50
Q

divisions of adrenal cortex + their functions

A

zona glomerulosa (outermost layer)
- affect electrolyte composition of body fluids via mineralocorticoids
- secrete aldosterone

zona fasciculata (middle layer)
- secrete glucocorticoids eg. cortisol
- maintain blood sugar levels

zona reticularis (inner layer)
- secrete gonadocorticoids eg. androgens

51
Q

describe aldosteronism + its effects

A
  • hypersecretion of aldosterone
  • results in hypertension + edema from excess Na+ + H2O retention / accelerated secretion of K+
    -> neuromuscular disorders + paralysis
52
Q

describe cushings syndrome + its effects

A
  • caused by increased ACTH from pituitary tumour
  • increase release of glucocorticoids
  • causes hyperglycaemia, loss of muscle tone + bone
  • moon face + buffalo hump appearance
53
Q

what are the primary cells of the adrenal medulla + what are their functions

A
  • chromaffin cells
  • produce catecholamines E + NE
54
Q

what NS is the adrenal medulla under direct control of

A
  • sympathetics NS -> innervated by preganglionic sym. fibres
55
Q

functions of NE + E

A
  • increased glycogen mobilisation in skeletal muscles -> increase ATP
  • increased release of stored fats for energy
  • increased Q
  • increased blood glucose by breaking down liver glycogen
56
Q

pancreas function + location

A
  • both endo + exocrine gland
  • located in curve of duodenum
57
Q

differentiate b/t the clusters of acini + pancreatic islets

A

acini = 99% of exocrine cells in pancreas -> produce digestive enzymes

pancreatic islets = endocrine cells

58
Q

4 types of hormone secreting cells in pancreatic islets + their functions

A
  • alpha cells = secrete glucagon
  • beta cells = secrete insulin
  • delta cells = secrete somatostatin (inhibit glucagon + insulin secretion)
  • F cells = secrete pancreatic polypeptide (inhibit gall bladder contraction/ regulates secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes)
59
Q

5 effects of insulin

A
  • accelerates glucose uptake
  • accelerates glucose utilisation + enhanced ATP production
  • stimulates glycogen formation
  • stimulates amino acid absorption + protein synthesis
  • stimulates triglyceride formation in adipose tissue
60
Q

3 effects of glucagon

A
  • stimulates breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle + liver cells
  • stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
  • stimulates production of glucose in the liver

Physiology 101 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions