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Physiology > reproductive system > Flashcards

reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive system

A

function: varies over lifetime

adult:reproduction - product gametes (spermatoza/oocytes),23 chromosomes

  • produce sex steroids (eg. androgens, progesterone, estrogen)
  • females: pregnancy and delivery
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2
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

genetic diversity through sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction

mitosis - double-structured chromosomes are split apart and cells split with them

meiosis - pairing of chromosomes, pulled apart, cells contain 23 double-structured chromosomes, then are split again to 4 cells with 23 single-structure chromosomes

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3
Q

developmental origin of the male reproductive track

A
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4
Q

male fetus at 7-9 weeks

A

at 6 weeks: SRY (sex determining region Y turns on)

stimulates the indifferent gonads to be testes

testes now produces Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone (MIH) and testosterone

MIH causes the reduction of the female reproductive structures

testosterone causes the maturation of the male reproductive structures

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5
Q

male anatomy

A

testes in external environment, are kept a little cooler to perform optimally

epididymis - sperm maturation, must reside to mature

ductus deferens - sperm travels

seminal gland - adds fluid to the sperm

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6
Q

the testis

A

vas deferens: important for sperm & fluid release

epididymus: sperm storage & maturation

seminiferous tubules: sperm, fluid production

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7
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

spermatocytes

  • adult stem cells
  • developing sperm cells

sertoli cells

  • support & regulate spermatogenesis
  • blood testes barrier
  • produce inhibin

leydig cells

  • produce testosterone
  • located in the space between seminiferous tubules
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8
Q

spermatogenesis

A

spermatozoa

spermatids

2º spermatocytes

1º spermatocytes

spermatogonia

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9
Q

spermiogenesis

A
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10
Q

mature sperm

A

head - nucleus, acrosome

tail - neck, middle piece, principal piece, end piece

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11
Q

abnormal gametes

A

abnormal spermatozoa are seen frequently

up to 10%

head or tail

giants or dwarfs

unlikely to fertilize due to motility issues

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12
Q

reproductive organs

A

seminal vesicles

  • bulk of fluid
  • fructose rich nourishes the sperm

prostate

  • alkaline fluid to neutralize acidic environment of the vagina

bulbourethral glands

  • alkaline fluid to neutralize the acidic environment of the ureter
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13
Q

hormonal release of testosterone

A

leydig cells → testosterone

testosterone → LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

testosterone → gonadotropin releasing hormone → gonadotropins

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14
Q

testosterone

A

steroid, hydrophobic, intracellular testosterone receptors, bound to proteins in blood

testosterone + aromatase → estradiol

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15
Q

testosterone effects

A

negative feedback

spermatogenesis

secondary sex characteristics

anabolic reactions (e.g. muscle mass)

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16
Q

testosterone levels throughout life

A

sex of baby can be determined - around 5 months

high levels right after birth - protection against infection and disease

andropause

  • fatigue
  • reduced fertility but not lost
  • reduced muscle mass
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17
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasica (BPH)

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

normal prostate - urethra is not compressed

enlarged prostate - urethra is compressed and is difficult to urinate

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18
Q

prostate cancer

A

most diagnose cancer among men

1/7 canadian men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime

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19
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatogonia → 1º spermatocytes → 2º spermatocytes → spermatids

→ spermatozoa

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20
Q

effects of anabolic steroid

A

(luteinizing hormone) LH and (follicle stimulating hormone) FSH

leydig cells create testosterone

testosterone affects the hypothalamus

hypothalamus affects the anterior pituitary gland (which creates gonadotropins)

effects of testosterone:

  • increased muscle mass
  • increased red blood cell count (viscous blood)
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • negative feedback onto hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
  • spermatogenesis
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21
Q

female reproduction organs

A

fimbriae

fallopian tube - passage for sperm and oocyte

ovary - oogenesis + hormones

uterus - site for implantation

cervis - entrance to uterus

vigina - site of sperm deposition, removal of menstrual fluid

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22
Q

ovaries: hormone & gamete production

A
  • paired
  • located in pelvis
  • gametes: oocytes
  • produced by oogenesis
  • all oogonia develop prior to birth
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23
Q

oogenesis

A

fetal period

  • oogonia - diploid stem cells of ovaries
  • begin meiosis I, stops at prophase

child

  • remains inactive in cortex of immature ovary until puberty

puberty

  • small number activated each month recruited by FSH
  • only one continues through meiosis
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24
Q

fertilized zygote

A
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25
Q

atresia of oocytes

A

amount of oocytes with age

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26
Q

folliculogenesis of the maturing oocyte

A

male - the cells that help sperm develop are part of the testes. They include the Sertoli and Leydig cells

female - the cells that help the oocyte develop make up the follicle that surrounds the oocyte. They are called Theca and Granulosa cells

primordial follicle

  • primary oocyte
  • granulosa cells

primary follicle

  • 1º oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • granulosa cells

secondary follicle

  • 1º oocyte
  • zona pellucida
  • granulosa cells
  • theca cells

Graafian follicle

  • 1º oocytes → 2º
  • zona pellucida
  • granulosa cells
  • theca cells
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27
Q

follicle development

A

primordial follicle

secondary follicle

graafian follicle

primary follicle

support cells: theca cells and granulosa cells

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28
Q

viability of gametes

A

oocytes

  • usually fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation
  • cannot be fertilized after 24 hours

spermatozoa

  • viable for approximately 48 hours in female reproductive tract
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29
Q

oocyte and follicle stages

A
30
Q

abnormal gametes

A

ovarian follicle may contain 2-3 distinguishable oocytes

may contain multiple nuclei

these are infrequent and often degenerate before reaching maturity

insufficient egg quality: poor maturation and cytoplasm health

human 3-day embryos from ART of one patients

A: recipient egg fertiziled with husband’s sperm

B: recipient egg injected with donor’s sperm

C: recipient egg injected with donor ooplasm fertilized with husband’s sperm

babies are born with three genomes: the nuclear component of the mother & father and the mtDNA form both the recipient and the donor

31
Q

assisted reproductive technologies

A
  • IUI-intra uterine insemination
  • oocyte retrieval
  • IVF/ICSI
  • embryp transfer
  • surrogate mother
  • oocyte cryopreservation and cancer
  • embryo cryopreservation
32
Q

hormonal regulation

A
33
Q

early to mid-follicular phase

A
34
Q

cell types and functions

A

oocyte: “egg”

theca & granulosa cells: produce sex steroids

35
Q

regulating reproductive function

A

GnRH → gonadotropins

gonadotropins → FSH and LH

FSH and LH → Theca cells + Granulosa cells

Theca cells → androstenedione (estrogen pre-cursor and stimulates granulosa cells)

granulosa cells create estrogen

at certain levels estrogen is an inhibitory hormone

once hits a certain level is a positive feedback loop hormone

36
Q

early to mid-follicular phase

A

FSH + LH is inhibited by estrogen

estrogen causes the granulosa cells to duplicate and the granulosa cells create estrogen again

causing estrogen to surge and FSH + LH and GnRH to be low (inhibited

37
Q

late follicular phase

A
38
Q

ovulation

A

Fimbriae

Fallopian tube: passage for sperm and oocyte

ovary: oogenesis + hormones
uterus: site of the implantation
cervix: entrance to the uterus
vagina: site of sperm deposition, removal of menstrual fluid

39
Q

luteal phase

A

(after ovulation)

lining of uterus gets thicker

40
Q

female reproductive organs

A
41
Q

female anatomy

A
42
Q

uterine events: hormonal changes

A

anterior pituitary hormones

follicle changes

ovarian hormones: estrogen, progesterone

uterine changes

uterine phases

x-axis

menses, proliferative, secretory phase

43
Q

overview of menstrual cycle

A

follicular phase

~1-7 menstruation (least fertile)

~8-9 possible to conceive

~10-14 ovulation the fertile window (best chance of conception)

luteal phase

~15-16 possible to conceive

~17-28 thickening of uterine lining (unlikely to conceive)

44
Q

pre-menopause & menopause

A
  • loss of primary follicles means less estrogen
  • less estrogen means levels are so low that we lose the negative feedback effect
  • FSH and LH levels rise drastically, causing strange fluctuations in primary follicle recruitment, and estrogen levels
  • pituitary becomes exhausted, LH and FSH levels drop
  • cycle ends, and menopause is reached
  • begins to happen between ages 45-55
  • symptoms include hot flashes, loss of fertility, changes in bone health, metabolic changes etc..
45
Q

sex steroid hormone effects

A
  • follicular development (estrogen)

peripheral (endocrine) effects:

  • uterine changes (estrogen & progesterone)
  • feedback (negative/positive)
  • cardiovascular health
  • bone density
  • breast changes
    etc. .
46
Q

birth control: hormone changes

A

combination pill containing both estrogen and progesterone - taken for 21 days, followed by 7 placebo pills

keeps estrogen at levels that negatively feedbacks to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

main mode of function to prevent fertilization is the cervis. The levels of progesterone keep cervical mucus in a thick, barrier state

can affect libido

47
Q

birth control: hormonal IUD

A

intrauterine device - inserted by a physician

releases low dose of progesterone

affects uterine lining and affect cervical mucus

does not affect ovulation

lasts about 5 years

48
Q

reproductive conditions

A

endometriosis

  • endometrial like tissue
  • outside endometrium affecting 10% of women
  • when blood touches these sites, they become inflamed and painful
49
Q

journey to fertilization

A

vaginal canal is acidic and sperm cells die and release alkaline fluid which allows other sperms to stay alive

head

  • nucleus
  • acrosome

tail

  • neck
  • middle piece
  • principal piece
  • end piece

ejaculate: 15 million/ml-200 million/ml

reach the ovum: 50-100

fertilization: 1

50
Q

fertilization

A

ovum surrounded by cumulus cells (former granulosa cells) and zona pellucida

  1. get to cumulous cells and break through using hyaluronidase
  2. reaches zona pellucida & binds to oocyte membrane
  3. acrosome reaction triggered
  4. fuse with plasma membrane
  5. block polyspermy (cortical reaction)
51
Q

creating the zygote

A
  1. head enters cytoplasm of ovum
  2. meiosis II completed: polar body forms
  3. two nuclei fuse (diploid)
  4. zygote is created
  5. rapid cell dividsion (mitosis) begins
52
Q

per-implantation development

A

zygote → 4-cell stage → morula → blastocyst (day 5 post-fertiliztior)

→ trophoblast cells (inner cell mass) - aid in implantation of attaching to uterin lining

53
Q

implantation of blastocyst

A

trophoblast cells (blue cells)

inner cell mass (yellow cells)

trophoblast cells digest endometrium (create lacunae) trophoblast enters uterus lining

54
Q

placental development

A

placenta

lacunae

chorionic villi

amniotic fluid

55
Q

clinical correlates: placental anomalies

A

placenta accreta: invades past the endometrium to the myometrium

placenta percreta: invades past the uterine wall, and attaches to other organs

placenta previa: covers the cervical opening

56
Q

twinning

A

twins from two zygotes = dizygotic (fraternal if boys, soraral if girls)

twins from one zygote = monozygotic (identical)

labelling twins: twin A is closest to the cervix and will be born first if it’s a vaginal birth; twin B is implanted higher up in the uterus and would be most likely born first if it is a C-section

57
Q

mono- & dizygotic twins

A

twins that come from one egg that splits is called monozygotic and are identical

twins can come from two different eggs, that have each been fertilized, which creates two different zygotes. non-identical

58
Q

early development of zygote

A

zygote starts to multiply by mitosis → morula → blastocyst (day 5 post-fertilization)

trophoblast cells (placenta)

inner cell mass (baby)

59
Q

pregnancy

A

pregnancy: 40 weeks (280 days) after Last Normal Menstrual Period

38 weeks (266 days) after fertilization

preterm birth (prematurity): born before 34 weeks

60
Q

gestation

A

gestation: 40 weeks (280 days)

nearly every organ system needs to change to accommodate this growing baby

  • joints and muscles
  • endocrine system
  • cardiovascular system
  • renal system
  • respiratory system
61
Q

placenta

A
  1. attach developing baby to mon
  2. lots of exchange
  3. hormones produced
    - arteries and veins resting in the maternal blood
62
Q

endocrine adaptions

A
  • trophoblast cells make high levels of HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
  • eventually the placenta starts making it’s own progesterone and doesnt need the trophoblast to make HCG
63
Q

delivering the baby

A

hormone:

relaxin: causes the joints around the pelvis to relax and the cervix to dilate
- can affect other parts of the body, including feet
progesterone: prevents early contraction of the uterus, strengthens pelvic wall muscles

64
Q

pituitary and pregnancy

A

anterior pituitary

  • prolactin increases - triggers breast tissue to begin producing milk

first few days - produces colostrum “liquid gold”

posterior pituitary

  • oxytocin increases - causes stronger uterine contractions - positive feedback loop. The stronger the contraction, the more oxytocin is produced
65
Q

cardiovascular changes

A
  • increase in blood volume
  • increases in CO

CO = HR x SV

MAP = CO x TPR

vasodilation (decreases resistance to flow)

hypertension - blood pressure that is higher than 140/90

severe hypertension - blood pressure > 150/110

hypertestion is one of the most common complications of pregnancy

66
Q

renal adaptions

A
  • increased GFR
  • increased filtered load
  • increased RAAS

angiotensinogen turned into → angiotensin 1 by renin

angiotensin 1 turned into → angiotensin 2 by ACE

angiotensin 2 stimulates aldosterone to be released from the adrenal glands

67
Q

respiratory changes

A

mom is breathes for two

  • increase in alveolar ventilation
  • increase in tidal volume
  • decrease in residual volume (reduced dead space)
  • increased PO2 and decreased PCO2
  • respiratory alkalosis
68
Q

developmental horizons

A

nervous system begins forming → 2-3 weeks

heart begins to form → 2-3 weeks

taste buds appear → 7 weeks

arms, legs, fingers, toes, eye, nose → 10 weeks

swallowing → 10 weeks

urination → 12 weeks

respiratory movements → 14-16 weeks

sucking movements → 24 weeks

vocalization → 24-26 weeks

light sensitivity → 28 weeks

11 weeks old - all major organ systems have already started to form. organs now must mature

  • folic acid is required for normal neural tube development (the spinal cord and associated tissue), and to prevent spina bifida
  • recommendation: women in their child-bearing years, and are sexually active, should be taking folic acid supplements
69
Q

period of susceptibility

A

0-3 weeks: death of embryo may occur

3-8 weeks: formation of organs → malformation of embryo may occur (e.g. heart defect)

8-38 weeks: growth and maturation of organ systems → functional disturbance of fetus may occur (e.g. mental deficiency)

70
Q

fetal growth

A

1st trimester: organ development

2nd trimester: length development

3rd trimester: gain weight

Physiology (20 decks)

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