Homeostasis and Body Fluid Compartments

Question 1

homeostasis

Answer 1

homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment. self-regulatory process involving all organs, tissues and cells of the body.

Question 2

negative feedback loops

Answer 2

operate to maintain homeostasis

local control or long-distance control

measure the existing value with set point (normal) and if they are different the body tries to revert it to the set point

Question 3

label the flowchart of negative feedback loop

Answer 3

Question 4

describe the distribution of body fluids

Answer 4

body fluids -> Intracellular (inside cells)

-> Extracellular (outside cells) -> Interstitual (between cells) + Plasma (blood transport fluid)

Question 5

which body fluid compartment has the most fluid?

Answer 5

intracellular fluid has 2/3 of total body water

Question 6

describe the ion composition of extracellular vs intracellular fluid

Answer 6

more Na⁺, Cl^-, Ca²⁺ in extracellular fluid

more K⁺ in intracellular fluid

Question 7

list three main functions of the cell membrane

Answer 7

1) physical separation from the environment
2) regulation of exchange with the environment
3) communication of the cell with the environment

Question 8

describe the cell membrane structure

Answer 8

lipid-bilayer made of phospholipids composed of a hydrophilic glycerol and phosphate head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail

Question 9

label the structures of the plasma membrane

Answer 9

1) glycoprotein
2) glycolipid
3) cholesterol (fluidity)
4) transmembrane protein (exchange, enzymes, communication, adhering (stayinging together))
5) peripheral protein (structural, enzymes (outside of membrane but associated with)

Question 10

label the organelles of the cell and list their functions

Answer 10

nucleus- DNA storage and cell control

nucleolus - rRNA synthesis to make ribosomes

nucleopore - transfer molecules through nucleus

ribosomes - protein synthesis (peptide bonds)

rough endoplasmic reticulum - protein production, in particular for export out the cell

smooth endoplasmic reticulum - lipid production, detoxification

mitochondria - ATP production

lysosome - protein destruction

golgi apparatus - protein modification and export

centrioles - used for mitosis in cell division

cytoplasm - carries organelles, cell processes like protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm

microtubule - cytoskeleton that gives shape to cells