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Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

basic principles of sensation

A
  • > the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system tells us about out internal and external environment
  • > only certain types of energies, or stimulus modalities can be detected by our bodies
  • > afferent division of the peripheral nervous system has specialized receptors and transduce stimuli into action potentials, which are relayed to the CNS
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2
Q

general overview

A

stimulus -> receptor -> neuron -> CNS (receives, interprets and responds)

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3
Q

types of sensory receptors

A
  • > photoreceptors: vision/ light
  • > mechanoreceptors: touch
  • > chemoreceptors: chemical environment
  • > nociceptors: pain
  • > thermoreceptors: temperature
  • > osmoreceptors: solute concentration and osmotic activity
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4
Q

two classes of sensory receptors

A
  1. complex neural receptor (olfaction, somatic senses)
  2. special senses receptor (vision, hearing, balance, taste)
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5
Q

transduction at complex neural receptor

A
  1. application of stimulus
  2. alteration of receptor membrane (e.g. usually Na+ channels open)
  3. local current flow within receptor (receptor potential - graded potential)
  4. change in frequency of action potentials
  5. AP propagation to central nervous system
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6
Q

transduction at special senses receptor

A
  1. application of stimulus
  2. alteration of receptor membrane (in photoreceptors Na+ channels close in response to light)
  3. local current flow within receptor (receptor potential - graded potential)
  4. release of neurotransmitter
  5. change of post-synaptic membrane potential
  6. change in frequency of action potentials (AP)
  7. AP propagation to central nervous system
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7
Q

what about the intensity and duration of the stimulus?

A

at an individual receptor, a stronger and longer stimulus produces a larger and longer receptor potential

this is transduced into a higher frequency of action potentials that last longer

this leads to the release of more neurotransmitters

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8
Q

action potentials vs receptor potentials

A
  • > action potentials are all-or-none - once initiated, they will flow down the entire axon
  • > receptor potentials are graded - they can differ in amplitude and dissipate over time and distance
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9
Q

receptive fields

A

the part of sensory space that can change the activity of a neuron

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10
Q

smell

A
  • > the receptor cells for olfaction are neurons (primary sensory neurons)
  • > the synapse with secondary neurons in the olfactory bulb
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11
Q

how do we perceive different smells?

A
  • > we have about 350 different odor recptors
  • > the combination of signals coming from neurons creates the perception of different smells
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12
Q

taste

A
  • > taste is currently believed to be a combination of five sensations: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami
  • > we have about 2000-5000 taste buds
  • > each taste bud contains 50-150 taste cells
  • > each taste cell is a non-neural epithelial cell, responsible for taste transduction
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13
Q

important structures of the CNS for sensory physiology

A
  1. cerebrum - cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
  2. cerebellum
  3. brain stem - medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
  4. diencephlon - thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland
  5. spinal cord (central nervous system)
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14
Q

cortical anatomy

A

central sulcus

frontal lobe (movement & cognition)

temporal lobe (hearing, object perpection)

parietal lobe (sensation)

occipital lobe (vision)

lateral sulcus divides frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

pons communication centre (relays signals)

medulla oblongata regulates nervous system

cerebellum (balance and body position)

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15
Q

smell - brain

A

stimulus (smell) -> complex neural receptors -> neurons through olfactory bulb -> olfactory cortex

(faster, since it’s close and doesn’t need to travel through thalamus)

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16
Q

taste - brain

A

stimulus (taste) -> special senses receptor -> brain stem -> thalamus -> gustatory cortex

17
Q

touch (somatic sense) - brain

A

stimulus (touch) -> complex neural receptor -> brain stem -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex

18
Q

vision - brain

A

stimulus (vision) -> special senses receptor -> thalamus -> visual cortex

19
Q

hearing - brain

A

stimulus (hearing) -> special senses receptor -> medulla oblongata -> thalamus -> auditory cortex

20
Q

balance - brain

A

stimulus (balance) -> special senses receptor -> the vestibular apparatus -> brain stem -> cerebellum -> thalamus -> brain

Physiology (20 decks)

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