Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

oogenesis

A

the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does oogenesis begin?

A

in the fetal ovaries, stem cells called oogonia produce primary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

primary oocytes

A

diploid cells resulting from mitosis & differentiation of oogonia during fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what phase of meiosis are primary oocytes in?

A

prophase of meiosis I; they are unchanged from the way they were produced in the fetus
- a number of primary oocytes restart meiosis early in the menstrual cycle and become secondary oocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secondary oocytes

A

after completing meiosis I, these are produced along with a polar body and one will be released into the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when does meiosis II end?

A

at exactly the time the sperm contacts the egg for fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ovarian cycle

A

cyclic changes that occur in the ovaries for the development of eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular and luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

follicular phase

A

where the egg and surrounding cells (follicle) develop up to the point of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

luteal phas

A

where leftover bits of follicle remain and secrete hormones (progesterone) to prepare the lining of the uterus (endometrium) for a fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

granulosa cells

A

the majority of the cells surrounding an oocyte in a follicle; develop alongside oocyte and become more cuboidal, will start secreting estrogen, will develop secondary follicle around the follicle + has fluid-filled chambers (antrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when is oocyte development stalled?

A

halfway through meiosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

corpus luteum

A

leftover support cells secreting copious amounts of estrogen and progesterone, yellow due to cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

corona radiata

A

the layer of granulosa cells that surround an oocyte after is has been ovulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does a primordial follicle become a primary follicle?

A

under the influence of LH and FSH, formation of cuboidal granulosa cells from flat cells and zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

zona pellucida

A

proteinaceous cells that forms around the ovum, barrier sperm need to make through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do primary follicles transition to secondary follicles?

A

when granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid and form an antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how do secondary follicles transition to mature follicles?

A

when the antrum becomes one continuous fluid-filled space allowing for separation from oocyte from support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

homeostasis in the ovary

A
  • negative feedback
    1. low blood estrogen lvls feed back to hypothal. to release GnRH, which talks to ant. pit. to tell it to release LH and FSH
    2. LH stimulates estrogen production which inhibits release of GnRH
    3. granulosa cells can make copious amounts of estrogen which can stim. GnRH (+ve feedback in midst of -ve feedback)
    4. LH surges causing follicle rupture and egg release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the pituitary gland to promote production of hormones from the gonad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

stratum basalis of endometrium

A

permanent layer - builds the functional layer after each menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

stratum functionalis of the endometrium

A

layer of uterus that sheds during menstruation

24
Q

myometrium

A

muscle layer of the uterus

25
Q

endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus

26
Q

what is the purpose of the menstrual cycle?

A

to prepare the lining of the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant

27
Q

how long is the menstrual cycle?

A

from 21-40 days, usually about 28 days on average

28
Q

development of stratum functionalis

A

due to the proliferation of the endometrial stroma and elongation + growth of endometrial glands which provide nutrition for a zygote

29
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

30
Q

menstrual phase

A

stratum functionalis sloughs off due to lack of estrogen and progesterone; days 1-4

31
Q

proliferative phase

A

stratum functionalis starts to grow, arteries starting to develop, endometrial glands begin to show up; driven by estrogen prod. by developing follicles before ovulation

32
Q

secretory phase

A

progesterone talks to endometrial glands to start secreting zygote food, progesterone necessary in conjunction w/ estrogen to keep stratum functionalis alive
- if no implantation, reduced estrogen and progesterone levels and regression of stratum functionalis

33
Q

linkage of ovarian and menstrual cycle

A
  • hormones of ovarian cycle drive menstrual cycle

- estrogen secretion by follicles drive progression of endometrial lining

34
Q

corpus hemorrhagicum

A

as folllicle ovulates, some blood vessels will burst, resulting in some blood loss from surface of the ovary

  • it secretes the estrogen and progesterone to maintain uterine lining during secretory phase
  • talks to endometrial glands to start making zygote food and maintain structural integrity of epithelium blood vessels
35
Q

corpus luteum and implanation

A
  • can only last 2 weeks if no implantation
  • undergoes apoptosis and regression, left w/ scar on ovary where support cells used to be (corpus albicans)
  • causes reduction in hormones and regression of stratum functionalis
36
Q

corpus albicans

A

degenerated corpus luteum w/ scar tissue

37
Q

maintaining the endometrium

A
  • pregnancy stops degeneration of corpus luteum; implanting egg and placenta will release hCG
  • it acts like LH and stimulates corpus luteum to prod. lots of progesterone and little estrogen
  • progesterone inhibits uterine contractions and disintegration of stratum functionalis that precedes menstrual flow
38
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

hormone produced by the placenta to sustain pregnancy by stimulating the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

39
Q

fertilization window

A

day before to two days after ovulation

40
Q

when is it too late for implantation?

A

about last 10 days of menstrual cycle in secretory phase; by the time fertilized egg arrives at endometrium and causes hCG secretion, the endometrium will already be entering the menstrual phase

41
Q

parts of the sperm cell

A

head, midpiece and tail

42
Q

acrosome

A

contains vesicles of digestive enzymes for penetrating the zona pellucida

43
Q

nucleus of sperm

A

has the haploid number of chromosomes

44
Q

midpiece of sperm

A

contains mitochondria supplying energy for the flagellum

45
Q

flagellum of sperm

A

provides motive power for sperm to swim

46
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the production of sperm cells; stem cells (spermatogonia) constantly divide + undergo meiosis to give mature sperm, continues throughout lifetime

47
Q

sperm count threshold for fertility

A

20 million sperm/mL of semen

48
Q

what is semen mostly made of?

A

fluids secreted by the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands

49
Q

seminal vesicles

A

two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in glucose and clotting proteins that nourishes and helps sperm move; alkaline to neutralize vaginal pH

50
Q

prostaglandins

A

modified fatty acids that stimulate the sperm to swim and uterus to contract

51
Q

prostatic secretions

A

thin acidic/neutral fluid which provides medium for sperm to swim, citric acid, and protein digesting enzymes

52
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

release alkaline fluid into urethra to neutralize acidic urine and some mucus to decrease sperm damage during ejaculation

53
Q

similarities between both processes of gamete manufacture

A
  • reliance on pituitary gonadotropins (FSH, LH)

- hormones produced by ovary or testes feedback on the pituitary to decrease gonadotropin production

54
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

A

the hypothalmus detects low levels of sex steroids to cause release of GnRH, which communicates to ant. pit. to release gonadotropins

  • sex steroids provide -ve feedback on hypothal.
  • cycles up and down throughout the day
55
Q

fertilization

A

male: sperm need to get past cervix, up uterus and into Fallopian tube
female: egg has to be in uterine tube, cervical mucus cannot be too thick, endometrium must be ready for implantation of blastocyst

Anatomy (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions