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Anatomy > Reproductive Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the sperm penetrate?

A

corona radiata

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2
Q

How many sperms contact the plasma membrane of the oocyte?

A

one

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3
Q

How many sperms contact the glycoprotein of the ZP and the acrosome reaction occurs which causes the ZP to be digested?

A

many

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4
Q

Fast block to polyspermy

A

one sperm touches the outside of the secondary oocyte causing it to depolarize

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5
Q

Slow block to polyspermy

A

first sperm will have head pulled in and the zona pellucida will harden

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6
Q

The male pronucleus and female pronucleus form to make?

A

zygote (fertilized egg)

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7
Q

Where does the blastocyte hatch out of?

A

zona pellucida

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8
Q

Why does the blastocyte expand?

A

due to fluid inside

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9
Q

The inner cell mass of blastocyte gives us what?

A

baby

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10
Q

The outer trophobic gives us?

A

fetal contribution to the placenta

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11
Q

Once the egg has become a zygote what happens?

A

divisions will occur in the uterine tube and 2 cells with become 4 because each time it divides it gets smaller because its stuck in the zona pellucida

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12
Q

Where does the fertilized egg enter and in what phase?

A

endometrium in the secretory phase

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13
Q

where does the egg attach to?

A

part of the uterus with lots of blood vessels

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14
Q

trophoblast eat what and invade what?

A

invades the endometrium and eat maternal cells for nutrition as it moves inward to build a pathway for maternal blood

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15
Q

Where are the first signs of development found?

A

inner cells

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16
Q

When does the amniotic sac begin development?

A

2 days after implementation

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17
Q

When does the blastocytes convert itself to the placenta?

A

14 days after ovulation

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18
Q

When does the yolk sac begin to develop and the mesoderm gets pushed out of the embryo?

A

after 16 days

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19
Q

What does the mesoderm give us?

A

muscles and bones

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20
Q

Embyronic mesoderm

A
  • vast majority of the placenta
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21
Q

T/F: the thick side that is closer to the wall of the uterus becomes placenta?

A

true

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22
Q

16 day embryo: the connecting stalk becomes what?

A

umbilical cord

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23
Q

16 day embryo: What does the ectoderm make?

A

amniotic sac and folds over the brain and spinal cord

- makes neural tube

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24
Q

16 day embryo: Endoderm closes over to make what?

A

the gut

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25
Q

16 day embryo

A

amniotic cavity begins to develop and young sac develops where the gut will be

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26
Q

28 day embryo

A

amniotic cavity begins to completely surround the baby growing out and around the fetus

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27
Q

28 day embryo: What does the front of neural tube and back of neural tube become?

A

front- head, back- spinal cord

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28
Q

28 day embryo: The foregut is supplied by and is the mechanism of what?

A

celiac artery and endoderm closing up

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29
Q

28 day embryo: Hindgut is supplied by

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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30
Q

28 day embryo: midgut is supplied by

A

superior mesenteric artery

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31
Q

When does the hear begin to form?

A

28 day embryo

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32
Q

8 Weeks since fertilization: age

A

8 weeks- conceptual

10 weeks- biological

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33
Q

What are the three main phases of development

A
  • the pre embryonic phase
  • embryological phase
  • fetal phase
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34
Q

the pre embryonic phase

A
  • less than 14 days after fertilization
  • tiny trophoblast
  • zona pellucida is still present and the embryo is isolated from the maternal environment
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35
Q

Embryological phase

A
  • 2-8 weeks after fertilization
  • all major organs are assembled in this time
  • not completed organs but basic parts
  • kidneys form, heart is 4 chambers and neural tube is folded
  • placenta is way larger than embryo at this point
  • complete access to materials in maternal circulation
36
Q

Fetal phase

A
  • 8 weeks to term

- organs are growing during this period and become fully developed

37
Q

Histogenesis phase

A

organs are growing

- fetal phase

38
Q

Period of organogensis

A

organs are beginning to grow

39
Q

Thalidomide

A

causes limb shortening in the embryological phase the limbs are made

40
Q

Spina bifida

A

neural tube does not close in the embryological phase

- nerves wont develop normally to the pelvis and the legs

41
Q

Valproic acid

A

convulsant drug associated with spina bifida

42
Q

Microtia

A

tiny ears

- can be surgically reconstructed b/c its not a problem with organ development

43
Q

What happens if microtia occurs in embryonic development?

A

no ears

44
Q

Cataracts

A

caused by rubella which is an infectious disease

  • clouding of the eye
  • can be cured
45
Q

What happens if cataracts occur in embryonic development?

A

may not have eyes

46
Q

What makes up the placenta?

A

decidua and chorion

47
Q

What is decidua?

A

what the mom puts into the placenta which comes from functional layer

48
Q

The amniotic sac is?

A

surrounds the fetus

49
Q

Chorion

A

fetal contribution to the placenta which includes the fetal mesoderm and trophoblast and amnion

50
Q

Amnon

A

bag of fluid that formed in the embryo

51
Q

Chorionic villi

A
  • gills for the fetus

- they stick out into maternal blood to give mom waste and takes oxygen from her

52
Q

The entire blood supply to fetus has to circulate through

A

chorionic villi

53
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

outside of trophoblast invading into the blood vessels

54
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

inside of trophoblast

55
Q

What makes up the core of the placenta?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm; gives us muscle and blood vessels

56
Q

Intervillous space is

A

where maternal blood is being flushed in and out (bring O2 and leave CO2)

57
Q

Where does blood come in and what does it do?

A

comes in through the maternal artery and sprials in through the functionalis layer of endometrium

  • then it is delivered to intervillous space
  • goes in under pressure and goes back out from the endometrial venules and goes back into maternal veins and blood supply
58
Q

Why does the exchange occur?

A

because fetal vessels are right below blood supply and fetal villi will extract oxygen out of the maternal blood

59
Q

Fetal vein

A

picks up oxygen

60
Q

Blood will

A

spiral down, fill up the intervilllous space, lose oxygen, gain waste products and goes out under pressure into maternal venules

61
Q

Does the baby holds in breath during contractions?

A

yes; dont want long contractions

62
Q

When does pumping of blood occur?

A

everytime moms heart pumps

63
Q

The umbilical cord consists of

A

two arteries and a vein

64
Q

What surrounds the umbilical cord and why?

A

surrounded by whartons jelly to prevent it from kinking and keep it working

65
Q

Where does jelly come from?

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

66
Q

where are the blood derivied stem cells from?

A

core blood

67
Q

Lumen of umbilical artery

A
  • deoxygenated blood comes in

- oxygenated blood comes out

68
Q

What should happen by 3rd trimester?

A

extravillous trophoblast should extend deep into myometrium

69
Q

Incomplete invasion is associated with and happens in what percent of pregnancies?

A

hypertension and 5-10%

70
Q

How many maternal deaths are due to hypertension?

A

16%

71
Q

Blood vessels have what to allow what?

A

smooth muscle to allow for constriction and dilation

72
Q

Why do blood vessels have endothelial cells?

A

allows for cytotrophoblast to grow into maternal spiral artery

73
Q

When does cellular immunity decrease?

A

maternal adaptation to pregnancy

74
Q

Immunity pregnancy

A
  • fetus is allograft

- mom has to remain tolerant to paternal antigens and maintain normal immune competence for defence

75
Q

What happens if you dont inhibit maternal immune system?

A

immune system will wipe it out

76
Q

Placenta blood requirement

A
  • blood volume increases 30-50%
77
Q

cardiac output increases

A

20-30%

78
Q

Tidal volume increases

A

30-40% for mom to get rid of CO2 that the baby has

79
Q

Airway resistance

A

decreases to increase co2 loss

80
Q

What do low CO2 levels create?

A

stronger concentration gradient between mom and fetus

81
Q

Myometrial mass increases

A

60-80% to accomodate the fetus

- returns after pregnancy

82
Q

Progesterone is used for

A
  • limiting contractions during pregnancy
83
Q

When does estrogen increase?

A

end of pregnancy for contractions

84
Q

Who is incharge of labour?

A
  • fetus appears to be
  • fetus will begin to make hormones (estrogen)
  • stretch of uterus
  • fetal pituitary secrets OT
  • fetal part of placenta begins to make more progesterone prostaglandins
85
Q

Ectoderm Contains

A

nervous system and skin

86
Q

mesoderm contains

A

heart, blood vessels, bones, Msk ETC

87
Q

Endoderm contains

A

Gi, Respiratory, and Urinary tracts

Anatomy (14 decks)

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