Genito Urinary Anatomy Flashcards
what is the ovary homologous to?
testes
what is the round ligament homologous to?
gubernaculum
what is the labia majora homologous to?
scrotum
what is the glans clitoris homologous to?
glans penis
what is the crus of clitoris homologous to?
corpora cavernosa
what 3 areas may kidney stones get stuck?
at the renal pelvis, the brim of the iliopsoas muscle, and the ureter/bladder (ureterovesicular) junction
what can blockage pressure by kidney stones cause?
hydropnephrosis or hydroureter (causes waste accumulation in blood)
hydronephrosis
the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys
hydroureter
the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked
ureter composition
outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer, lined by mucous membrane to prevent bacteria from making their way up to kidneys; also allows for easy passage of fluid/substances, induces peristaltic contractions all the time to “milk” the urine from kidneys → bladder
what are the 3 bones of the pelvis?
ilium, ischium, pubis
false pelvis
superior to pelvic brim; hips
true pelvis
surrounded by bone and lies inferior to flaring parts of the ilia; passage for infant at birth in women
pelvic brim (inlet)
separates superior & inferior portions of pelvis
typical gynecoid pelvic inlet
transverse and AP diameter both greater than 10cm
male lumbar spine
only a little lumbar lordosis (inward curvature)
female lumbar spine
lots of lumbar lordosis from L3-L5 (can create issues w/ sciatica)
how do pregnancy and bipedalism alter the lumbar spine?
- in the non-pregnant state the center of mass (COM) is above the femoral head
- the pregnant abdomen will unbalance the pelvis by moving the COM forward if there is no compensation
- the pregnant abdomen does not alter the COM because of the increase in lumbar lordosis
normal uterine position
anteverted + anteflexed; angled forward w/ respect to vagina and flexed forward w/ respect to cervix
rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
space between rectum and uterus out back
vesicouterine pouch
space between the uterus and the urinary bladder out front
ovaries
female gonads producing egg cells and hormones
uterine (fallopian) tubes
pair of tubes attached to the uterus that provides a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus
fimbriae
finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that swaff over top of ovarian surface during ovulation to capture egg + bring it down to oviduct
uterus
hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of the female, in which the embryo is nourished and develops before birth
cervix
neck of the uterus
vagina
muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body
labia minus (labia minora)
inside lips of vagina
labia majora
the larger outer folds of the vulva
suspensory ligament
collection of vessels + nerves supplying ovary (VAN) that runs through ovary not actual ligament
utero-ovarian ligament
band of CT that goes from ovary to margin of uterus to keep it in place
round ligament
band of CT coming from anterior surface of uterus which goes through abdominal muscles and connects to labia majora holding the uterus in place
broad ligament
double layer of parietal peritoneum and covers everything supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
uterosacral ligament
from posterior aspect of uterus to sacrum out back; right around rectum to help fix uterus in place within abdominal cavity
muscles of perineum (female)
help support the pelvic floor and form sphincters at openings of the urethra, vagina and anus; consist mainly of levator ani and deep transverse perineal muscle
levator ani
collection of pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, ischiococcygeus working together out front and out behind to ensure openings are closed (maintain continence)
deep transverse perineal muscle
supports pelvic organs; helps close off openings for all three holes
histology of the vagina
stratified squamous epithelium, nonkeratinized
- not very good at keeping pathogens out, need mucus, IgA antibodies, commensal bacteria lining vagina
- normal flora: gram -ve bacteria (lactobacillus) — keep pH slightly low in vagina to keep harmful bacteria out (bacterial vaginosis can occur as a result of change in pH)
Transition from vagina to cervix
stratified squamous epithelium (top, dead cells) and bottom layers of simple columnar epithelium
pap smear
examination of cervical cells and mucus at the transition zone for early detection of cervical cancer
- HPV targets living cervical cells (increased risk of developing cervical cancer due to uncontrolled cell growth)
male bladder and surrounding structures
prostate (w/ prostatic urethra), internal urethral sphincter, bulbourethral glands, urethra, ischiocavernous muscle (corpus cavernosum inside), bulbospongiosus muscle (corpus spongiosum inside)
purpose of male internal urethral sphincter
prevent ejaculate from going up into bladder; would also kill sperm
bulbourethral glands
at the base of the penile urethra, secrete alkaline substance that flushes/neutralizes any urine left in urethra (would kill sperm) and also produces slippery mucus to ensure sperm are not stuck to sides when they end up in urethra
seminal vesicles
paired sac-like exocrine glands that secrete most fluid into the vas deferens
testicles
produce sperm and testosterone
epididymis
long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature
vas deferens (ductus deferens)
transports sperm from the epididymis
prostate
right around prostatic urethra which is draining the urine out of bladder, site where sperm and semen mix together to make the ejaculate fluid - junction of urethra, vas deferens and seminal vesicles
prostatic urethra
where the urethra passes through the prostate
membranous urethra
underneath prostate, passes through urogenital diaphragm, thin and 90º turn
penile urethra
goes through penis (spongy urethra)
penis
male sex organ consisting of crus, corpora cavernosum and corpus spongiusom
corpus spongiosum
the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis (never fills up w/ blood; penile urethra runs down middle of it)
corpus cavernosum
pair of spongy tissue regions full of blood during erection
glans penis
the conical mass of erectile tissue that forms the head of the penis
root of penis
attaches the penis within the pelvic cavity
scrotum
a pouch of skin containing the testicles; the testes had to go from abdominal cavity, out through inguinal canal; pulls Vas deferens w/ it across bony pelvis to make its way into scrotum
ejaculatory duct
small duct that connects the vas deferens to the urethra; where seminal vesicle fluids making most of semen get added to sperm to get shunted down into prostatic urethra
What does the cortex of the indifferent glands differentiate into?
ovary
what does the stroma differentiate into?
testes
If there is no Y chromosome then
female characteristics develop
Where does the ovary develop?
outside of the capsular part and it will begin to descend and mesonephric kidney will go away
What does the vas bridge run over?
Ureter (water under the bridge)
What does the bud of mesonephric duct become?
becomes ureter in both M/F
In males what does the mesonephric duct become?
vas deferens
What does vas deferens do?
conducts sperm from the gonad to the urethra
Is the kidneys having a long ureter good or bad?
bad
Is it good that the kidneys are behind the ribs?
yes they are protected
How did the kidney develop and when it descends what comes with it?
the kidney developed from a metanphric bud and ascends dragging the ureter with it
The path of the urter
large area (renal pelvis) to ureter (small)
What does the ureter go over?
common iliac and pop over the psoas muscle
Best way to avoid kidney stones?
stay hydrated and make urine
What muscle is in the ureter
- smooth muscle
- longitudinal muscles on inside
- circular muscles on outside
Where is the only place with inner longitudinal and out circular?
ureter
What is the epithelium in the ureter lined with?
mucous which allows for protection from bacteria
Mucosa
not keratinized epithelium making it not tough so it can tear easily
What fuses together the bones of the pelvis?
cartilage which allows for movement when having babies?
Where do all the pelvic bones come together?
acetabulum or hip socket in the middle
What comes out of sciatic notch?
sciatic nerve
sacroliliac joint
gliding joint which is important for moving hips
Sacrococcygeal joint
problem in pregnancy b/c the baby must go past this joint and if it is fused it will crack
Pubic symphysis
cartilage and doesnt move that much until end of pregnancy when the pelvis needs to be flexible
Obturator foramen
where obturator muscle goes through
what changes when joints move?
change the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
Pubic angle in females
greater than 90 degrees
pubic angle in men
less than 90 degrees
females have what kind of pelvis
gynecoid
males have what kind of pelvis
android
Female pelvis shape and Shallow vs deep
- shallow
- large oval shape
Male pelvis shape and Shallow vs deep
- deep
- cup shaped
Female coccyx is
angled less towards anterior
Male coccyx is
angled more towards anterior
Where is widest part of pelvis in females?
middle; babies
Where is widest part of pelvis in males?
back
Female pelvis thickness and and weight
light and thin
Male pelvis thickness and and weight
heavy and thick
Length of anterior-posterior diameter and transverse diameter
10cm
What changes the shape of lumbar spine during pregnancy (hormone)
estrogen
uterine fundus
is the top
Where is most of the weight of the abdomen?
in front of pubis symphysis and is held by abdominal muscles
When is there alot of pressure on the pelvic floor?
defecating and childbirth
Mons pubis
layer of fat sitting infront of pubic symphysis
Labia Majus
hair covered skin
Labia minus
delicate and mucosal layer of tissue
Is the uterus smaller then the bladder and where is it?
smaller than the bladder and leans in front of bladder
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Surrounds the opening of vestibule
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
attach perinal body to the side
Deep transverse perineal muscle
will swirl around urethra to make external urethral sphincter; helps close off three holes
Levator Ani
muscles work together and are controlled by the same striated muscle
Peritoneal body
dense collogen that is the anchor point for all the muscles
